Starred Mastitis

Question 1

(13)

(Innate: Teat End)

1. first line of defense, physical barrier
2. Teat end contains sphincter muscle that does what?
3. Teat canal line with what?

that does what?

Answer 1

2. maintain closure between milking
3. keratin

waxy, antimicrobial properties, physical barrier to migration

Question 2

(15)

Innate: Cellular Defense

(somatic cells - SCC)

1. normal population in mammary gland….

how many?

what predominates?

2. During infection…

how many?

what predominates?

Answer 2

1.

macrophages > neutrophils, lymphocytes, epi cells

2. >10^6 cells/mL

neutrophils (> 90% of cells)

(Note… activity of these cells in the udder is impaired compared to activity in the blood due to milk environment)

Question 3

(24)

(Forms of Mastitis)

(Clinical: Severity score used)

1. grade 1/mild = ?
2. grade 2 / moderate = ?
3. grade 3/sever = ?

Answer 3

1. abnormal milk
2. +abnormal quarter (hot/red/swollen)
3. • sick cow (fever, depression, dehydration, off-feed, weak, shocky)

Question 4

(27)

(Subclinical)

1. what % of mastitis cases?

Answer 4

1. 70-75% (most eco signifcant due to milk loss)

Question 5

(31)

(Somatic Cells)

1. What SCC generally considered uninfected?<!--? considered uninfected?</p-->
2. US legal limit?
3. EU legal limit?

Answer 5

1. < 200,000 cells/mL

(cut point determines sensitivty of test)

2 < 750,000 cells/ml

< 400,000 cells/ml (US needs to be this for export - so effectively this)

Question 6

(32)

Answer 6

(33)

Question 7

(38)

(California Mastitis Test)

1. test for what?

Answer 7

(39)

Question 8

(49)

(“Contagious PAthogens”)

1. Transmitted when what occurs?
2. pathogens?

Answer 8

1. when teats exposed to to bacteria that originiated in ifected udders (cow-to-cow, during milking, contaminated equipment or hands)
2. staph aureus, strep agalactiae, mycoplasma, other (prototheca?)

Question 9

(50)

(“Environmental Pathogens”)

1. transmitted when what occurs?
2. pathogens?

Answer 9

1 teats exposed to bacteria that originate in the environment (bedding, mud, manure - during milking form equip)

2. coliforms (E. Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter)

environmental = streps

environmental staphs/CNS/staph spp

Question 10

(51)

(Contagious vs. Environmental)

(Infection characterisitcs)

1. contagious are usually what?
2. environmental usually what?

Answer 10

1. G+, mild to moderate clinicals may resolve w/o treatment - likely to revert to subclnical

(set up shop in mammary tissue and persist in balance with immune response)

2. G+ maybe clinical or sub (environmental streps sometimes behave more like contagious pathogens)

G- usually opportunistic, short duration, mild to severe clinicals

Question 11

(53)

(G- vs G+)

(G -)

1. illict what type of immune response?

2 rate of spontaneous cure?

(G +)

3. immune rsponse?
4. rate of spontaneous cure?

Answer 11

1. rapid, robust host immune response(why many coliform peracute)
2. high (up to 70%)

(lower for Kleibsiella though, and host adapted E Coli)

3. less robust
4. low rate (usually require intrammary antibiotic therapy with variable success)

Question 12

(54)

(Common Gram +)

(Staph Aureus)

1. catalase? coagulase?
2. G+ cocci

3 major contagious mastits pathogen, but variable prevalence here-to-herd (5-50%)

4. cure rates?

what two reasons?

5. chornic or acute?
6. Selecitve treatment based on cow factors, herd control by testing and segregating or culling

Answer 12

1. +, +

4 VERY LOW (< 30%)

not obligate (but forms micro-abcesses that IMM Abx can’t get to) AND some penicillin resistance

5. typically chronic with acute flare-ups, waxing and waning SCC

Question 13

(56)

(Common Gram Positives)

(Streptococcus Agalactiae)

1. catalase?
2. gram + cocci

3 use what to diff from environmental streps?

4. contagious, obligate udder pathogen
5. How easily cured by IMM Abx?
6. prevalence has declined greatly over the years due to what?
7. typically chornic, subclinical with 10-15% milk loss
8. herd approch to treatment and control is required (clinical case = tip of the iceberg)

Answer 13

1. neg
2. CAMP test
3. easily - no penicillin resistance. stays in lower gland and ducts with minimal interstitial tissue involvement
4. dry cow therapy

Question 14

(62)

(Common Gram-Negatives)

1. how control coliform mastitis?
2. What vaccine WORKS?

Answer 14

1. reduce exposure to pathogens in environment
2. J-5 core antigen vaccine

(reduces clinical cases 50-80%)

(should use 3 doses: 2 late gestation/pre-fresh, and 1 post-fresh)

Question 15

(65)

(“other pathogens”)

(Mycoplasma)

1. bacteria with no what?
2. what needed to isolate?
3. most common in milk samples?
4. contagious - transmitted how?
5. classic case?
6. treatment?
7. ID and segregate, cull ASAP (shed in very high numbers), close management of hospital pen/parlor to minimize transmission
8. Bulk tank and/or string samples to monitor

Answer 15

1 cell wall (so no target for ABx)

2. special media and icubation
3. M. Bovis

(This and other spp. isolated from various body sites in both sick and well caUle)

4. air, blood, milk (purchased)

5 multiple quarters affected, decreased milk, cow not sick, normal (subclincal) to abnormal (clinical) milk, increased SCC

6 none, once infected always affected

Question 16

(92)

Answer 16

(93)

Question 17

(104)

Answer 17

(105)

Question 18

(110)

(Antibiotics)

1. Use on-label intramammary antibiotics for what types of bacteria?
2. What is extended duration is needed?

Answer 18

1. most gram positive cases

some gram positive cases

(cosider other cow and pathogen factors)

2. Spectramast and Pirsue (two products labeled for extended therapy)

(figure out how much you need to know from pic)

Question 20

(115)

(Oxytocin and Frequent Milk-Out)

1. what is this theory?
2. any evidence to support?

Answer 20