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004 - Repro Test III > (08) Mastitis II > Flashcards

(08) Mastitis II Flashcards

1
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(30)

repeat

A
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2
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(31)

(Somatic Cells)

  1. SCC<!--? considered uninfected?</p-->
  2. US legal limit?
  3. EU legal limit?
A
  1. 200,000 cells/mL

(cut point determines sensitivty of test)

2 < 750,000 cells/ml

< 400,000 cells/ml (US needs to be this for export)

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3
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6
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(38)

(California Mastitis Test)

  1. test for what?
A

(39)

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7
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8
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(41)

(On-Farm Culture)

  1. Aseptically collected milk sample are plated, incubated, and interpreted on-farm
  2. Fast, inexpensive way to categorize the cause of mastitis into treatment categories:

gram negative, no-growth = ?

gram-positive = ?

  1. Limitations?
A
  1. no treat (with exceptions)

treat

  1. time, space, personnel, training (does not work well on smaller dairies)
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9
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10
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(43)

(Culture Negative Results)

  1. “no growths” = ?
  2. cause of false negatives?
  3. cause of true negatives?
A
  1. 25-40% of milk from clinical cases will not grow bacteria
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11
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(44)

A
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12
Q

(45)

(Bulk Tank Diagnostics)

(SCC)

1 gives a snapshot of what?

varies greatly depending on what?

(Culture)

  1. monitoring what?
  2. screening for what?
  3. Does it correspond to prevalence of infected cows?
  4. negative result means what?
A
  1. herd infection level

what pathogens are present in the herd

  1. hygience (lots of bacteria, especially certain types, indicate dirty cow and poor milking hygience)
  2. contagious pathogens
  3. NO!
  4. NOTHING
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13
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(46)

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14
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15
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(48)

  1. Can mastitis pathogens be diagnosed by clinical symptoms alone?
A
  1. NEVER!
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16
Q

(49)

(“Contagious PAthogens”)

  1. Transmitted when what occurs?
  2. pathogens?
A
  1. when teats exposed to to bacteria that originiated in ifected udders (cow-to-cow, during milking, contaminated equipment or hands)
  2. staph aureus, strep agalactiae, mycoplasma, other (prototheca?)
17
Q

(50)

(“Environmental Pathogens”)

  1. transmitted when what occurs?
  2. pathogens?
A

1 teats exposed to bacteria that originate in the environment (bedding, mud, manure - during milking form equip)

  1. coliforms (E. Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter)

environmental = streps

environmental staphs/CNS/staph spp

18
Q

(51)

(Contagious vs. Environmental)

(Infection characterisitcs)

  1. contagious are usually what?
  2. environmental usually what?
A
  1. G+, mild to moderate clinicals may resolve w/o treatment - likely to revert to subclnical

(set up shop in mammary tissue and persist in balance with immune response)

  1. G+ maybe clinical or sub (environmental streps sometimes behave more like contagious pathogens)

G- usually opportunistic, short duration, mild to severe clinicals

19
Q

(52)

(Contagious vs. Environmental)

  1. However, some “environmental” pathogens have demostrated host adaptation - can be transferred via what?
  2. In either catergory, some organsisms are difficult to treat whil e others are easy
A
  1. via infected milk (E. Coli and Kleibsiella, Strep Uberis)
20
Q

(53)

(G- vs G+)

(G -)

  1. illict what type of immune response?

2 rate of spontaneous cure?

(G +)

  1. immune rsponse?
  2. rate of spontaneous cure?
A
  1. rapid, robust host immune response(why many coliform peracute)
  2. high (up to 70%)

(lower for Kleibsiella though, and host adapted E Coli)

  1. less robust
  2. low rate (usually require intrammary antibiotic therapy with variable success)
21
Q

(54)

(Common Gram +)

(Staph Aureus)

  1. catalase? coagulase?
  2. G+ cocci

3 major contagious mastits pathogen, but variable prevalence here-to-herd (5-50%)

  1. cure rates?

what two reasons?

  1. chornic or acute?
  2. Selecitve treatment based on cow factors, herd control by testing and segregating or culling
A
  1. +, +

4 VERY LOW (< 30%)

not obligate (but forms micro-abcesses that IMM Abx can’t get to) AND some penicillin resistance

  1. typically chronic with acute flare-ups, waxing and waning SCC
22
Q

(56)

(Common Gram Positives)

(Streptococcus Agalactiae)

  1. catalase?
  2. gram + cocci

3 use what to diff from environmental streps?

  1. contagious, obligate udder pathogen
  2. How easily cured by IMM Abx?
  3. prevalence has declined greatly over the years due to what?
  4. typically chornic, subclinical with 10-15% milk loss
  5. herd approch to treatment and control is required (clinical case = tip of the iceberg)
A
  1. neg
  2. CAMP test
  3. easily - no penicillin resistance. stays in lower gland and ducts with minimal interstitial tissue involvement
  4. dry cow therapy
23
Q

(57)

(common Gram+)

(Coag- staphs)

  1. Over 50 species, found on teat skin, nasal tissue,milkers hands, etc. (commensal, opportunistic)
  2. what to distinguish from Staph Aureus?
  3. Subclinical mas))s, low SCC (<200,000 cells/ml), clinical cases are typically mild
  4. Minor pathogen – only 5-10% of clinicals
  5. spontaneous cure rate?
  6. control?
A
  1. coag test (most non-aureus staphs are coag -)
  2. high (economic benefit of treatment questionable, short duration therapy only for clinicals)
  3. teat dipping and dry treatment
24
Q

(58)

(common Gram+)

(Environmental Streps)

  1. catalse?
  2. gram + cocci
  3. CAMP - why is this useful?
  4. MAjor pathogens - what % of clinicals?
  5. CAuse high SCC, persistent infections, bac shed in milk
  6. Sources?

7 Control - environmental management, hygiene to reduce teat exposure

  1. Treatment?
A
  1. neg
  2. most are neg - diff from Strep ag

(S. Uberis is esculin positive, some are CAMP positive)

  1. 20-25% (2/3 of sub become chronic)
  2. shed in feces, bedding (straw), dry period
  3. IMM Abx (longer duration tx may be indicated)

(failure to treat –> chronic)

(chronic subclinicals have poor tx success rates)

25
Q

(59)

(common Gram+)

(Environmental Streps)

  1. “Non-ag Streps” typically lumped together - Strep Uberis, Strep dysgalactiae, etc…

but what?

A
  1. Strep uberis may be more significant, more likely to act like a contagious pathogen, and more difficult to treat

(extended duration therapy indicated)

26
Q

(60)

(Common Gram-negatives)

(E Coli)

  1. Most common coliform - it’s everywhere
  2. May be mild to sever depending on infective dose and host immune response
  3. Treatment?
A
  1. IMM not indicated in most cases (check SCC history), systemic and supportive therapy may be needed for severe cases
27
Q

(61)

(Common Gram-negatives)

(Klebsiella spp.)

  1. how common?
  2. severitiy?
  3. Bacteria invade deeply into udder )ssue, destroy secretory cells, may become persistent and subclinical

(Severely affected cows never return to normal milk production level)

  1. Sources: feces, bedding (wood byproducts), dirty udders, infected milk
  2. Control: ID subclinicals, segregate chronics, good milking, hygiene, consider bedding type, vaccinate
  3. Treatment?
A
  1. 2nd most common GN pathogen (K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae)
  2. 1/3 mild, 1/3 mod, 1/3 severe (GN endotoxin)
  3. no labeled treatment, treat grade 1-2 based on previous history or treat all
28
Q

(62)

(Common Gram-Negatives)

  1. how control coliform mastitis?
  2. What vaccine WORKS?
A
  1. reduce exposure to pathogens in environment
  2. J-5 core antigen vaccine

(reduces clinical cases 50-80%)

(should use 3 doses: 2 late gestation/pre-fresh, and 1 post-fresh)

29
Q

(63)

A

(64)

30
Q

(65)

(“other pathogens”)

(Mycoplasma)

  1. bacteria with no what?
  2. what needed to isolate?
  3. most common in milk samples?
  4. contagious - transmitted how?
  5. classic case?
  6. treatment?
  7. ID and segregate, cull ASAP (shed in very high numbers), close management of hospital pen/parlor to minimize transmission
  8. Bulk tank and/or string samples to monitor
A

1 cell wall (so no target for ABx)

  1. special media and icubation
  2. M. Bovis

(This and other spp. isolated from various body sites in both sick and well caUle)

  1. air, blood, milk (purchased)

5 multiple quarters affected, decreased milk, cow not sick, normal (subclincal) to abnormal (clinical) milk, increased SCC

6 none, once infected always affected

31
Q

(66)

(“Other” Pathogens)

(Prototheca)

  1. colorless, micro-algae (P. Zopfii)
  2. ubiquitous in environment - esp where?
  3. spread - contagious or environmental?
  4. infections usually sub or clin?
  5. treatment?
  6. suspect for non-responsive cases
  7. prevalence 4-40%, usually under 10
  8. If found in BT culture, consider speciation?
A
  1. wet areas
  2. clincial (mild-mod)

(chronic, high SCC, decreased milk)

  1. non - ID, segregate, cull
  2. there is no answer to this
32
Q

(67)

(Yeast)

  1. Rare - almost always due to what?
  2. responsive to Abx?
A

1 iatrogenic due to dirty IMM infusion technique

  1. no (some cure spontaneously)

(evalulate SCC to determie when to cull)

004 - Repro Test III (13 decks)

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