Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Arcanobacterium/Trueperella Flashcards
Is there any benefit to vaccinating a horse against strangles using the live attenuated vaccine vs. the inactivated bacterin or subunit?
Possibly- the live attenuated vaccine also stimulates mucosal immunity and is given at the normal portal of entry (i.e. nasal passages)
Name some extotoxins produced by members of the genus Staphylococcus.
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (TSST)
enterotoxins (produce diarrhea)
exfoliative toxins
What are some common disease patterns in dogs and cats caused by members of the genus Streptococcus?
Septicemia, secondary pnuemonia
How are Staphylococcus infections normally treated?
By draining abcesses, applying topical antiseptics, and using antibiotics
What is the difference between Streptococcus equi equi and S. equi zooepidemicus?
- Streptococcus equi equi* is found in horses
- S. equi zooepidemicus* is found in multiple species
What are some common disease patterns in small ruminants caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Tick pyemia, cutaneous abcesses
What is MRSS? In which species is it most common?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi
Seen in dogs
What antibiotics are commonly used for Enterococcus infections? Why is choosing the right antibiotic important?
First choice: Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Others: tetracycline
Frequently shows multidrug resistance
What are some antibiotics commonly used to treat Streptococcus infections? What is the first choice?
First choice: penicillin G, ampicillin
Others: cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfa
What are some antibiotics commonly used to treat Stapylococcus infections? What is the first choice?
First choice: penicillins (beta-lactams)- either penicillinase-resistant or in conjuction with a a penicillinase inhibitor
Others: fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, macrolides, trimethoprim-sulfa
What are some common disease patterns in large and small ruminants caused by members of the genus Streptococcus?
Mastitis
What are some common disease patterns in horses caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Mastitis, cutaneous abcesses
What are some common disease patterns in dogs and cats caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Pyoderma, osteomyelitis, mastitis, otitis, and urolithiasis
How are Enterococcus infections normally treated?
Correct any compromising conditions, can use topical polyantibacterials (otitis in dogs), antibiotics
What are some antibiotics commonly used for Arcanobacterium infections? What is the first choice?
First choice: Penicillin G, ampicllin
Others: cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfa
What are some common disease patterns in large ruminants caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Mastitis
Some members of the genus Staphylococcus produce coagulase.
What does this enzyme do?
Coagulates serum proteins, increases the virulence of the organism
What are some common disease patterns in horses caused by members of the genus Streptococcus?
Rhinopharyngitis (“strangles” and “bastard strangles”), pneumonia, cervicitis
What are some common disease pattern do members of the genus Arcanobacterium cause in small and large ruminants and pigs?
Traumatic or oppertunistic lesions
What common disease pattern do members of the genus Enterococcus cause?
Diarrhea in young animals
Where are members of the genus Streptococcus found most often on animals?
How does this affect transmission?
Found in the upper respiratory tract or near mucocutaneous junction of the mouth/nares
Transmitted by aerosol, contact with mucus or pus, or direct contact
What are some common disease patterns in pigs caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Exudative epidermitis (“greasy pig disease”)
What are some common disease patterns in pigs caused by members of the genus Streptococcus?
Lymphadenitis, pneumonia, septicemia, menigitis
How are Streptococcus infectious usually treated?
Drain abcesses, give antibiotics
Horses can be vaccinated against strangles
What are some common disease patterns in birds caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Subcutaneous granuloma (“bumblefoot”)
Can lead to tendonitis
How are animals usually inoculated by members of the genus Staphylococcus?
Bacteria is usually present on the skin of normal animals, so they can become infected through portals of entry like hair follicles or cuts.
What are some additonal disease patterns in large ruminants caused by members of the genus Arcanobacterium?
Mastitis and abortion
What are some additional disease patterns in dogs and cats caused by members of the genus Enterococcus?
Otitis, lower UTI
How are Arcanobacterium infections treated?
Drain abcesses, give antibiotics
Describe how to set up a coagulase test and how to read the results.
The bacteria of interest is placed in a tube with serum. If the bacteria produces coagulase, a visible clump of serum proteins will form.
If the bacteria does not produce coagulase, there will be no change.
