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Analytical Chemistry (LAB) > Standard Calibration > Flashcards

Standard Calibration Flashcards

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1
Q

Method of identifying a chemical species

A

Qualitative Analysis

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2
Q

Method to determine the amount of a constituent.

A

Quantitative Analysis

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3
Q

Quantitative methods can be classified as gravimetric, volumetric, or instrumental.

A
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4
Q

Used for samples with masses > 0.1 g.

A

Macro Analysis

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5
Q

Used for samples with masses of 0.01 to 0.1 g.

A

Semimicro Analysis

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6
Q

Used for samples with masses of 10^-4 to 10^-2 g.

A

Micro Analysis

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7
Q

used for samples with masses of < 10^-4

A

Ultramicro Analysis

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8
Q

Present in the range of 1 to 100% by mass.

A

Major constituents

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9
Q

Present in the range of 0.01 to 1% by mass.

A

Minor constituents

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10
Q

Present in the range of 100 ppm (0.01%) and 1 ppb.

A

Trace constituents

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11
Q

Present in amounts lower than 1 ppb.

A

Ultratrace constituents

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12
Q

Occur when extraneous species in the matrix interfere with determination of the analyte.

A

Matrix effects

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13
Q

Samples are analyzed, but constituents or concentrations are determined.

A
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14
Q

Acquiring a representative fraction of the material of interest. It is often the most difficult aspect of an analysis.

A

Sampling

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15
Q

Items chosen for analysis.

A

Sampling units or sampling increments

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16
Q

The collecting of sampling units or increments. A miniature replica of the entire mass of material to be analyzed

A

Gross sample

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17
Q

The gross sample is usually reduced in size and homogenized to create the laboratory sample for analysis.

A
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18
Q

Two goals of the sampling process.

A

To obtain a mean analyte concentration that is an unbiased estimate of the population mean.

To obtain a variance in the measured analyte concentration that is an unbiased estimate of population variance.

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19
Q

A state intermediate between a suspension and a solution.

A

Colloid

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20
Q

Mimics the steps in a determination that would be taken by a human analyst.

A

Batch or discrete approach

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21
Q

Involve inserting the sample into a flowing stream where several operations can be performed before the sample passes through a flow-through detector.

A

Continuous flow methods

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22
Q

Divide a sample into discrete samples separated by gas bubbles that confine the sample and minimize cross-contamination.

A

Segmented-flow analyzers

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23
Q

A band-spreading or mixing phenomenon that results from the coupling of fluid flow with molecular diffusion.

A

Dispersion

24
Q

Mass transport due to a concentration gradient.

A

Diffusion

25
Q

Mass transport due to a concentration gradient.

A

Diffusion

26
Q

A\continuous flow approach in which samples are injected into a flowing stream containing one or more reagents.

A

Flow injection analysis (FIA)

27
Q

Determines the relationship between the analytical response and the analyte concentration.

A

Calibration

28
Q

Usually used to determine this relationship.

A

Chemical Standards

29
Q

Constituents of the sample other than the analyte.

A

Concomitants

30
Q

Concomitants that interfere with the determination of the analyte.

A

Interferents or interference

31
Q

Procedures that involve comparing a property of the analyte or the product of a reaction with the analyte with standards to determine if the property matches or nearly matches the standard.

A

Null comparison or isomation methods

32
Q

Determine whether an analyte concentration exceeds or is less than a threshold level.

A

Comparator

33
Q

In titration, the analyte reacts with a standardized reagent (the titrant) in a known stoichiometric manner until the titration reaction is complete.

A
34
Q

In external standard calibration, a series of standard solutions is prepared and used to establish the instrument calibration function from analysis of the instrument response as a function of the known analyte concentrations.

A
35
Q

A plot of instrument response versus known analyte concentrations is used to produce a calibration curve (also called a working curve).

A
36
Q

Provides a means to objectively determine the best fit line to data points, such as those in a calibration curve, and for specifying the uncertainties associated with its subsequent use.

A

Regression analysis

37
Q

The vertical deviation of each point from the straight line.

A

Residual

38
Q

The standard deviation about regression, standard error of the estimate, and standard error are all terms for the same value, which is a rough measure of the magnitude of a typical deviation from the regression line

A
39
Q

Used to correct a raw analytical response.

A

Blank

40
Q

Identical to the solvent but without the analyte but is often too difficult or impossible to prepare.

A

Ideal Blank

41
Q

Real blanks are either solvent blanks, which contain the same solvent as the sample, or reagent blanks that contain the solvent plus all the reagents used in sample preparation.

A
42
Q

Involves adding the interfering species to all the samples, standards, and blanks so that the interference effect becomes independent of the original concentration of the interfering species in the sample.

A

Saturation method

43
Q

A species that is added to samples, standards, and blanks in sufficient amounts to make the analytical response independent of the concentration of the interfering species.

A

Matrix modifier

44
Q

Reacts selectively with interfering species to form a complex that does not interfere.

A

Masking agent

45
Q

Attempts to duplicate the sample matrix by adding the major matrix constituents to the standard and blank solutions.

A

Matrix-matching method

46
Q

A reference species, chemically and physically similar to the analyte that is added to samples, standards, and blanks.

A

Internal Standard

47
Q

A known amount of a reference species is added to all the samples, standards, and blanks and the measurement response is the ratio of the analyte response to the reference species response.

A

Single-point addition

48
Q

Additions of known amounts of standard analyte solution are made to several portions of the sample, and a multiple additions calibration curve is obtained.

A

Multiple addition

49
Q

It is a numerical expression representing the performance or efficiency of a given device, material, method, or procedure.

A

Figure of merit

50
Q

The change in the measured quantity per unit change in analyte concentration. This is the slope of the calibration curve.

A

Calibration sensitivity

51
Q

Scatter in the response

A

Noise

52
Q

The ratio of calibration curve slope to the standard deviation of the analytical signal at a given analyte concentration.

A

Analytical Sensitivity

53
Q

The smallest concentration that can be reported with a given level of confidence.

A

Detection limit, DL

54
Q

Refers to the concentration range over which the analyte can be determined using a linear calibration curve.

A

Linear dynamic range

55
Q

A sequential plot of some quality characteristic that is important in quality assurance.

A

Control Chart

56
Q

If the mean value remains between the LCL and the UCL, an instrument is in statistical control.

A
57
Q

Transformations do not give good estimates if the errors are not normally distributed.

A

Analytical Chemistry (LAB) (8 decks)

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