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Histopathology > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

0
Q

Affinity of nucleus to stains

A

Acidic (nucleus) &raquo_space;»»> basic stains

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1
Q

 The process of applying dyes on the sections to study architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells.

A

Staining

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2
Q

Affinity of cytoplasm to stains

A

Basic (cytoplasm)&raquo_space;»»> acidic stains

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3
Q

MAJOR GROUPS OF TISSUE STAINING

A
  1. HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
  2. HISTOCHEMICAL STAIN (HISTOCHEMISTRY)
  3. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING
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4
Q

The process whereby the tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

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5
Q

Examples of Histological staining

A

micro-anatomical stains, bacterial stains, specific tissue stains (e.g. muscles, connective tissue and neurologic stains)

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6
Q

The process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that permits microscopic localization of specific tissue substances

A

Histochemical staining (Histochemistry)

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7
Q

Examples of Histochemical staining

A

Perl’s prussian blue reaction for hemoglobin and periodic acid schiff staining for carbohydrates

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8
Q

Enzyme histochemistry:
Active reagent?
Tissue?

A

Active reagent: substrate

Tissue: enzymes

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9
Q

 A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected by antibodies (e. g. polyclonal, monoclonal, enzyme- labeled or fluorescent-labeled)

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

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10
Q

Methods of Staining

A
  1. Direct Staining

2. Indirect Staining

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11
Q

Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g. methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color

A

Direct Staining

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12
Q

Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the action of the dye used

A

Indirect Staining

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13
Q

Serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye

A

Mordant

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14
Q

The dye may stain weakly by itself, therefore the mordant combines with the dye forming a colored “lake” which would combine with the tissue forming an insoluble “tissue-mordant-dye-complex”, which would allow subsequent counterstaining and dehydration

A

Mordant

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15
Q

Examples of mordant

A

Potassium alum with hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin

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16
Q
  • Not essential and does not participate to the chemical reaction of the tissue and dye
  • Accelerates the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye
A

Accentuator

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17
Q

Examples of Accentuator

A

Potassium hydroxide in Loeffler’s methylene blue, Phenol in Carbol thionine and Carbol fuchsin

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18
Q
  • Tissue elements are stained in definite sequence

- The staining with specific periods of time or until desired color is attained

A

Progressive Staining

19
Q

 -First over-stain the tissue to obliterate cellular details
-Excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue and until the desired color is obtained

A

Regressive Staining

20
Q

The selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining so that a specific subatance may stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue

A

DIFFERENTIATION / DECOLORIZATION

21
Q

Differentiation/decolorization is usually done by washing the section in?

A

in simple solution (e.g. water or alcohol) or use of acids and oxidizing agents

22
Q

Differentiator for both acidic and basic dyes by dissolving excess dye

A

Alcohol

23
Q

Can oxidize hematoxylin to a soluble, colorless compound.
Disadvantage: if a mordant stained section is allowed to remain in a differentiating agent such as 1% or 2% alcohol, all of the dye will be removed.
– Restaining faded slides

A

Mordant (e.g. iron alum)

24
Q

Makes use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining it with a color that is different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia)

A

Metachromatic Staining

25
Q

Metachromatic dyes (basic) belongs to?

A

Thizine and triphenylmethane groups

26
Q

Examples of metachromatic dyes

A
  1. Methyl violet or crystal violet
  2. Cresyl blue (for reticulocytes)
  3. Safranin
  4. Bismarck brown
  5. Basic fuchsin
  6. Methylene blue
  7. Thionine
  8. Toluidine blue
  9. Azure A, B, C
27
Q

Necessary for most metachromatic staining techniques

A

Water

28
Q

Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

A

COUNTERSTAINING

29
Q

Cytoplasmic stains:
Red?
Yellow?
Green?

A

Red: Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxine B
Yellow: Picric acid, Orange G, Rose Bengal
Green: Lt. Green SF, Lissamine Green

30
Q

Nuclear Stains:
Red?
Blue?

A

Red: Neutral Red, Safranin O, Carmine, Hematoxylin
Blue: Methylene blue, Toluidine Blue, Celestine blue

31
Q

The process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are deposited on the surface of the tissue

A

Metallic Impregnation

32
Q

Solutions used for metallic impregnation

A

Gold chloride, Silver nitrate

33
Q

 The selective staining of living cell constituents

Nucleus is resistant to this type of staining

A

Vital Staining

34
Q

Vital Stains demonstrates cytoplasmic structures by

A

By engulfment of the dye particle  

By staining of pre-existing cellular components

35
Q

Two types of vital staining

A
  1. Intravital staining

2. Supravital staining

36
Q

Staining by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
-e.g. lithium, carmine and India ink

A

Intravital staining

37
Q

Used immediately after removal of cells from the living body
e.g. Neutral red (best), Janus green (mitochondria), Trypan blue, Nile blue, Thionine and Toluidine Blue

A

Supravital staining

38
Q

Most common method utilized for microanatomica studies of tissues

A

Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E)

39
Q

H & E result:

Nuclei

A

Blue to blue black

40
Q

H & E result:

Karyosome

A

Dark blue

41
Q

H & E result:

Cytoplasm

A

Pale pink

42
Q

H & E result:

RBCs, eosinophilic granules, keratin

A

Bright-orange red

43
Q

H & E result:

Calcium and decalcified bone

A

Purplish blue

44
Q

Decalcified bone matrix, collagen, osteoid

A

Pink

Histopathology (5 decks)

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