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Histopathology > 02 Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

02 Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

0
Q

Basic parts of a cell:

7

A 
▪️cell membrane
▪️ER
▪️Nucleus
▪️ribosome
▪️golgi apparatus
▪️mitichondria
▪️lysosome
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1
Q

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Building block of life

A

Duh grade 1 alam na ito
Jk

Cell

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2
Q

Cell adaptayion is Normally confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by:

A

Genetic programs of metabolism
Differentiation
Specialization

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3
Q

Steady state

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

Factors that determine whether injury or death would occur:

A 
Strength of stimulus
Duration of stimulus
Health of the cell
Type of cell
Adaptability of cell
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5
Q

Causes of cell injury and Death:

A 
Ischemia/ Hypoxia
Infection
Chemical/drugs
Physical
Immunologic 
Genetic 
Nutritional
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6
Q

Primary Targets in Cell Injury and death:

A

Cell Membrane
️Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cellular DNA

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7
Q

Mechanisms of cell death and injury:

A 
Depletion of ATP
Mitochondrial Damage
Influx of intracellular Calcium
Accumulation of Free Radicals
Defects in Membrane Permeability
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8
Q

Cell Injury manifested as Cytoplasmic changes:

A

▪️Fatty change
▪️Inclusions (e.g. Pigments)
▪️Cell swelling

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9
Q

Common causes of Fatty Change:

A

Malnutrition
Alcohols
Drugs

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10
Q

Pigments found as inclusions during cell injury:

A 
Carbon
Hemosiderin
Bilirubin
Lipofuscin
Melanin
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11
Q

Examples of Inclusions found during cell injury:

A

Pigments
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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12
Q

TYPES OF CELL ADAPTATION:

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
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13
Q

Mechanisms of Adaptation:

A

Increasing cellular activity
Decreasing cellular activity
Altering cellular structure
Loss of maturation

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14
Q

Increase in size

A

Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Increase in number

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

Altering cell structure

A

Metaplasia

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17
Q

Loss of maturation

A

Dysplasia

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18
Q

Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance and may lead to cell death

A

Atrophy

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19
Q

Classifications of atrophy:

2

A

Physiologic

Pathologic

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20
Q

Atrophy Due to decreased workload (e.g. Decreased size of uterus following childbirth, or disease)

A

Physiologic atrophy

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21
Q

Atrophy primarily due to the denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply and nutritional deficiency

A

Pathologic atrophy

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22
Q

Causes of cellular adapatation:

8

A 
Reduced functional demand or disuse
In adequate supply of oxygen
Lack of trophic hormones
Malnutrition
loss of innervation 
diminished blood supply 
aging
Pressure
23
Q

Increase in the size of cells which results in an increase in the size of the organs

▪️No new cells, just larger ones
▪️Synthesis more structural components
▪️can be physiologic or pathologic
▪️caused by the increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation

A

Hypertrophy

24
Q

Adaptation Mostly seen in cells that cannot divide (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle)

These changes usually Revert to normal if the cause is removed

A

Hypertrophy

25
Q

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue leading to increased organ or tissue size

Occurs if the cellular population is capable of synthesizing DNA, permitting mitotic division

A

Hyperplasia

26
Q

Classification of Hyperplasia in which there is Increased in local production of growth factor receptors on the responding cells activating transcription factors and leading to cell proliferation

▪️Hormonal (breast and uterus during pregnancy)
▪️Compensatory (regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy)

A

Physiologic Hyperplasia

27
Q

Classification of hyperplasia in which there is:
stimulation of growth factors (hormonal or Viral infection- papilloma viruses)

and it may also give rise to neoplasms

A

Pathologic hyperplasia

28
Q

Also called as GRAVES DISEASE

A

Hyperthyroidism

29
Q

An autoimmune disorder correct arise by diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism, and exophthalmos

A

Hyperthyroidism

30
Q

Immune mechanism of hyperthyroidism which increases thyroid hormone secretion:

A

IgG antibodies vs. TSH receptor (agonists)

31
Q

Pathology of hyperthyroidism

A

Dark red, meaty; tall columnar epithelium with intra-luminal papillae

32
Q

Proliferation of prostatic glands and stroma resulting in enlargement of the gland with obstruction of Urine flow through the bladder outlet

A

Nodular Hyperplasia, Prostate Gland

33
Q

Gross pathology of prostate in NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

A

Nodular, enlarged, rubbery

34
Q

Pathogenesis of NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

A

Unknown; altered normal testosterone:estrogen ratio that develops in the elderly

35
Q

Microscopic pathology of nodular HYPERPLASIA

A

Fibromuscular and Glandular Hyperplasia

36
Q

Hyperplasia usually secondary to chronic stimulation by corticotropin due to:

  • Cushing disease
  • ectopic corticotropin production by nonpituitary tumor
A

Adrenal cortical hyperplasia

37
Q

Bilateral diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortical hyperplasia

38
Q

Primary hypersecretion of corticotropin by pituitary tumor

A

Cushing disease

39
Q

Primary aldosteronism seen in adrenal cortical hyperplasia

A

Conn Syndrome

40
Q

Obesity, moon facies, osteoporosis HPN, amenorrhea, virilization seen in adrenal cortical hyperplasia

A

Cushing syndrome

41
Q

Proliferative lesions of the endometrium usually resulting from hyperestrinism

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

42
Q

REVERSIBLE Transformation for replacement of one adult cell type to another adult cell type

A

Metaplasia

43
Q

Thought to arise from reprogramming of stem or undifferentiated cells that are present in adult tissue

A

Metaplasia

44
Q

Most common transformation or replacement seen in metaplasia

A

Columnar to squamous cells

45
Q

Metaplastic Transformation seen in respiratory tract among smokers

A

Columnar to squamous cells

46
Q

Metaplastic Transformation seen in Barrett esophagitis

A

Squamous to columnar cells

47
Q

Metaplasia of endocervical glandular epithelium due to chronic infection

A

Squamous metaplasia

48
Q

Also occurs in mesenchymal tissue (e.g. formation of bone in skeletal muscle)

A

Metaplasia

49
Q

Change from one type of mature another type of mature epithelium;

persistence of stimulus may lead to dysplasia

A

Metaplasia

50
Q

REVERSIBLE Abnormal growth and differentiation
(Variations n size & shape, enlargement, irregularity, and hyperchromasia of nuclei, disorderly arrangement of cells within the epithelium)

A

Dysplasia

51
Q

A pre-neoplastic lesion (A stage in the cellular evolution of cancer)

A

Dysplasia

52
Q

Dysplasia in minor degree are associated with:

A

Chronic irritation or inflammation

53
Q

Dysplasia is most frequently encountered in:

A

▪️Metaplastic squamous epithelium of the respiratory tract

▪uterine cervix

54
Q

Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer; however it doesnt necessarily lead to cancer, due to its adaptive characteristics

A

Dysplasia

Histopathology (5 decks)

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