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Histopathology > 03 Inflammation > Flashcards

03 Inflammation Flashcards

0
Q

A protective response

A

Inflammation

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1
Q

A complex reaction to various injurious agents

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Inflammation is consists of

A

Vascular responses
Migration
Activation of leukocytes
Systemic reactions

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3
Q

Ultimate goal of inflammation

A

Remove initial cause of injury

Remove consequences of injury

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4
Q

Unique features

A

Reaction of blood vessels

Accumulation of fluids and electrolytes in extravascular space

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5
Q

2 types of tissue repair

A

Regeneration

Scarring

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6
Q

Tissues and cells involved in inflammation

A 
Fluid and plasma proteins
Blood vessels
Circulating cells (wbcs)
CT cells (macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts)
Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin)
Adhesive glycoproteins
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7
Q

Cardinal signs: causes

A 
Calor
Rubor
Tumor
Dolor
Functio laesa
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8
Q

Increased blood flow and increased cellular metabolism; heat

A

Calor

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9
Q

Vasodilatation and increased blood flow; redness

A

Rubor

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10
Q

Vasodilatation, edema, and neutrophilic response; swelling

A

Tumor

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11
Q

Stimulation of neuronal pathways by chemical mediators, edema (stretching of sensory receptors) and neutrophils; pain

A

Dolor

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12
Q

Loss or impairment of function from reflexive disuse due to pain, and mechanical or structural necrosis and/or healing

A

Functio laesa

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13
Q

Inflammation is terminated when the inciting agent is ________ and the mediators have ________

A

Eliminated, degenerated

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14
Q

2 types of inflammation

A

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

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15
Q

A rapid response to an injurious agent that aims to rapidly bring mediators of inflammation to the site of injury

A

Acute inflammation

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16
Q

3 major components of Acute inflammation

A

Alterations in the vasculature
Structural changes (microvasculature)
Emigration, accumulation, and activation

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17
Q

Cells that infiltrate during acute inflammation

A

Polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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18
Q

Stimuli for acute inflammation

A 
Infections
Trauma
Physical and chemical agents
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
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19
Q

Mediators of acute inflammation

A

Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)
Kinins (bradykinin)
Complement system (C3a)
Clotting system

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20
Q

Clotting system

A 
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Oxygen metabolites
Platelet aggregating factor
Nitric oxide 
Cytokines
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21
Q

Local manifestations of acute inflammation

A

Vascular dilatation and increased blood flow
Extravasation (edema)
Leukocyte emigration and accumulation

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22
Q

Components of inflammatory response

A

Vascular reaction

Cellular reaction

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23
Q

Vascular reaction

A

Vasodilation

Increased permeability

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24
Q

Cellular reaction

A 
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Transmigration
Migration
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25
Q

Earliest manifestation of acute inflammation

A

Vasodilation

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26
Q

Hallmark of acute inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability

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27
Q

WBC to interstitial tissues

A

Extravasation

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28
Q

Cellular events in acute inflammation

A 
Extravasation
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis
Migration (chemotaxis)
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29
Q

Outcome of acute inflammation

A

Resolution
Chronic inflammation
Healing
Abscess formation

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30
Q

Refers to an excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities

A

Edema

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31
Q

The escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitial tissue or body cavities

A

Exudation

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32
Q

Two types of exudation

A

Exudate

Transudate

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33
Q

Protein content of exudate

A

High

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34
Q

Specific gravity of exudate

A

> 1.020

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35
Q

Cellular components of exudate

A

Inflammatory cells, cellular debris

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36
Q

Protein content of transudate

A

Low (albumin)

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37
Q

Specific gravity of transudate

A

<1.020

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38
Q

Cellular components of transudate

A

None

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39
Q

An exudate rich in inflammatory cells (leukocytes) and cellular debris

A

Pus

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40
Q

Plasma-like effusion with no cells

A

Serous

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41
Q

Inflammation of the serous cavities

A

Peritonitis

42
Q

Inflammation of synovial joint

A

Acute synovitis

43
Q

Denote the production of pus

A

Purulent or suppurative

44
Q

Caused by pyogenic bacteria

A

Purulent or suppurative acute inflammation

45
Q

Localized collection of pus in a tissue

A

Abscess

46
Q

Empyema

A

Hollow viscous fills with pus

47
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; contains large amounts of fibrinogen

A

Fibrinous

48
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Often seen in acute pericarditis giving the parietal and visceral pericardium a ‘bread and butter’ appearance

A

Fibrinous

49
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Contains fibrinous or fibrinopurulent material with necrotic cells

A

Membranous

50
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Often found in mucous membranes, some microbial infection

A

Membranous

51
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Contains both serous and hemmorhagic materials

A

Serosanguinous

52
Q

Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Caused by bleeding, serous oxidation like injury and burns

A

Serosanguinous

53
Q

Types of exudates in inflammatory processes

A

Hemorrhagic

Mucinous or Cattarhal

54
Q

Contains large amount of RBCs and other cells; damaged or vascular injury or permeable blood vessels or depletion of coagulation factors

A

Hemorrhagic

55
Q

Acute pancreatitis due to proteolytic destruction of vascular walls, and in meningococcal septicemia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Hemorrhagic

56
Q

When mucus hypersecretion accompanies acute inflammation of a mucous membrane

A

Mucinous or Catarrhal

57
Q

Contains large amount of mucous and epithelial cells

A

Mucinous or Cattarhal

58
Q

Example of mucinous or cattarhal

A

Allergic rhinitis

59
Q

Types of inflammation according to LOCATION

A 
Abscess
Ulcer
Cattarhal
Membranous
Pseudomembranous
60
Q

Localized collection of pus in a part of the body, surrounded by an inflamed area

A

Abscess

61
Q

Area of the abscess look like?

A

Giant boil or cyst

62
Q

An open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often cause by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and an infection

A

Ulcer

63
Q

Type of inflammation on the mucosal surface; thick mucous and white blood cells

A

Cattarhal

64
Q

An epithelium becomes coated with fibrin, desquamated epithelial cells and inflammatory cells

A

Membranous

65
Q

An example of membranous inflammation is the grey membrane seen in pharyngitis or laryngitis due to what bacteria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

66
Q

Formed by the fibrin and necrotic surface epithelium; a structure which resembles the luminal surface of the tissue

A

Pseudomembranous

67
Q

Types of inflammation according to DISTRIBUTION/ Location of lesion in an organ

A

Focal
Multifocal
Locally extensive
Diffuse

68
Q

Single abnormality or inflamed area within a tissue

A

Focal

69
Q

Size of focal lesion

A

1 mm to several cm in diameter

70
Q

Arising from or pertaining to many foci (several foci separated from one another); size is variable

A

Multifocal

71
Q

Involvement of considerable area within an organ

A

Locally extensive

72
Q

Locally extensive is also known as

A

Focally extensive

73
Q

Involve all the tissue or organ in which the inflammation is present

A

Diffuse

74
Q

Example of diffuse inflammation

A

Interstitial pneumonia

75
Q

Outcome of acute inflammation

A

Complete resolution
Healing (by CT replacement and scarring)
Abscess formation
Progression to chronic inflammation

76
Q

An inflammation of prolonged duration; infiltration by mononuclear cells(macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

A

Chronic inflammation

77
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A

Follows an acute inflammation

Repeated bouts of acute inflammation

78
Q

Persistent infections of intracellular microbes

A

Tubercle bacilli

Viral infections

79
Q

Prolonges exposure to nondegradable but potentially harmful substances

A

Silicosis

Asbestosis

80
Q

Immune reactions

A

Autoimmune diseases

81
Q

Morphologic of chronic inflammation

A
  • Infiltration of mononuclear cells
  • Tissue destruction
  • Attempts at healing by CT replacement
82
Q

A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation; characterized by formation of granulomas

A

Granulomatous inflammation

83
Q

Focal aggregation of activated macrophages which are transformed in an epithelial-like (ephetiloid) cells

A

Granuloma

84
Q

Example of granulomatous inflammation

A

Tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis

85
Q

Two types of granuloma

A

Foreign body granuloma

Immune granuloma

86
Q

Caused by inert foreign bodies; material (talc), sutures; no inflammatory or immune reactions present

A

Foreign body granuloma

87
Q

Caused by immune T cell-mediated reactions; insoluble particles (microbial parts); inflammatory reactions present

A

Immune granuloma

88
Q

Types of resolution inflammation (Healing)

A
  • Simple resolution
  • Regeneration
  • Replacement by a CT scar
89
Q

Resolution that has No destruction of normal tissue; offending agent is neutralized; vessels return to their normal permeability state; excess fluid is reabsorbed; clearance of mediators and inflammatory cells

A

Simple resolution

90
Q

Replacement of lost or necrotic tissue with a new tissue that is structurally and functionally similar to those that were destroyed

A

Regeneration

91
Q

The intact, healthy neighboring cells surrounding the dead cells will proliferate to replace the affected cells

A

Regeneration

92
Q

Formation of the mature scar

A

Cicatrization

93
Q

Scar; less vascular, pale, contracting scar tissue

A

Cicatrix

94
Q

Systemic effects inflammation

A

Fever, increase in pulse and blood pressure, decreased in sweating, rigors, chills, anorexia, somnolence, malaise, lymphadenopathy

Increased plasma levels of acute phase proteins (CRP, serum amyloid A protein)

Leukocytosis

Sepsis

Shock

95
Q

Factors modifying the inflammatory-reparative response

A
  • Adequacy of blood supply
  • Nutritional status of the patient
  • Presence or absence of infection
  • Presence or absence of diabetes mellitus
  • Presence or absence of immunosuppressive drugs
  • Adequate levels of circulating, normal functioning WBCs
96
Q

Example of immunosuppressive drugs

A

Glucocorticosteroids

97
Q

Reorganization of fibrous tissue, contraction of wound edges

A

Remodeling

98
Q

Hollow viscus fills with pus

A

Emyema

99
Q

Types of accute inflammation morphologic patterns

A 
Serous
Purulent/Suppurative
Fibrinous
Membranous
Serosanguinous
100
Q

Reorganization of fibrous tissue, contraction of wound edges

A

Remodeling

100
Q

Hollow viscus fills with pus

A

Emyema

100
Q

Types of accute inflammation morphologic patterns

A 
Serous
Purulent/Suppurative
Fibrinous
Membranous
Serosanguinous

Histopathology (5 decks)

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