Stages of urban development

Question 1

Urbanisation(Stage 1)

Answer 1

• Surplus labour moves directly into the cities, Rings start to benefit
• First population concentrates into FUR’s and centralises within them (Champion.1986)
• Urban pop has tripled in China (Lancet.2012)
• Urbanisation driven by economic growth and the prospects of jobs in cities. (Lancet.2012)
• Surplus agricultural labour pushes people to city (Lancet.2012)
• Air pollution (Lancet.2012)
• Large areas of farmland converted into urban areas (Lancet.2012)

Question 2

Suburbanisation (Stage 2)

Answer 2

• City begins to decline
• Faster growth in the suburban periphery (Champion.1986)
• A study looking at pop densities showed that in 1982 to 1990 central city and sub districts pop rose whereas suburbs have gained growth (Wang,F.Zhou,Y.1997)
• Transport improvements launched suburbanisation (Construction of freeways) (Wang,F.Zhou,Y.1997)
• Higher incomes also stimulated suburbanisation, American’s rising income increased their purchasing power for cars and created demand for spacious housing (Wang,F.Zhou,Y.1997)

Question 3

Counter-Urbanisation (Stage 3)

Answer 3

• Rest of the country grows faster and the city rings and centres lose pop
• Doughnut cities, affluent buoyant ring and an urban core which is imploding (Detroit disaster)
• The population of the core goes into absolute decline as the exodus to the surrounding ring gains momentum (Champion.1986)
• The absolute decline of the city is associated with a rapid increase in jobs in the 50-120KM range. (Champion.1986)
• Increase in APS lead to increase in jobs in upper and lower sector (Sassen.1991)
• Manufacturing jobs associated with the middle class fell (Sassen.1991)
• Growing number of people who prefer to live in an area which has both the principle of both a urban and regional area (Sieverts,T.2003)

Question 4

Reurbanization

Answer 4

• New migrants came in and settled in cities.
• Since 2000 the city centres such as Manchester and Liverpool has grown massively (Dembski,D.2013)
• Amsterdam a mixture of both counter-urbanisation and reurbanization
  1) Enormous inflow of foreign immigrants
  2) A dramatic exodus of middle class families (Bertolini,Salet.2003)
• Switzerland cities acted as gateways for new migrants (Rerat,P.2011)
• People now find the city more attractive (Rerat,P.2011)
• Migrants attracted by economic growth (Rerat,P.2011)
• People now have a longer transition into adulthood meaning they staying the city longer. (Rerat,P.2011)
• Gentrification lead to a growing number of middle and upper class living in the suburbs (Rerat,P.2011)
• Analysis of Switzerland also shows that reorganisation hasn’t occurred to the detriment of the suburbs. (Rerat,P.2011)

Question 5

Critiques

Answer 5

• Argues that the urban development model has become outdated (Rerat, P.2011)
• The model suggests that the reurbanization stage would lead to a reduction in suburbs (Rerat, P.2011)