Arrival cities & ethnic entrepreneurship

Question 1

Slum Cities

Answer 1

• A wide range of low income settlements and poor human living conditions
• Slums have experienced spectacular growth since the 1980’s (Grant,R.2009)
• Slum dwellers are depicted by Davis as individuals without agency, and their voices are never heard. (Grant,R.2009)
• To improve Slums we have to fully understand all dimensions of poverty, strongly advocates community grounded strategies to uplift the living conditions (Grant,R.2009)
• Davis describes migrants in slums as people who have fled the country for bright lights however have been met by slums which are described as a poverty trap. (Sansom.2006)
• Davis believes that exploitation in the informal economy is widening inequality. (Grant,R.2009)
• The main problem being the formalisation of rights and protection for labour (Grant,R.2007)

Question 2

Arrival Cities

Answer 2

• Arrival cities are characterised by their continuous influx of people, not specific minority thresholds.
• Rural–> Urban migration fuels arrival cities
• Floating populations, work in the city and send money back to families in the countryside
• Ethnoburbs, Most settle in the suburbs or in the inner periphery
• Johannesburg example (Zack,T.2014)
• Neighbourhood Hillbrow, functions as a point of entry where people from all walks of life try and make a foothold (Zack,T.2014)
• Arrival cities are areas of the city where the migrant first settles, it is an area of the city that acts as a springboard to jump to more affluent neighbourhoods (Obeng-Odoom.2013)
• Failed arrival cities create social unrest and poverty
• Failed arrival cities:Niger, Ethiopia, Chad (Obeng-Odoom.2013)

Question 3

Ethnic entrepreneurship

Answer 3

• Migrants to arrival cities can be faced with problems in restrictions to employment and market opportunities. (Zack,T.2014)
• They have also faced hostility and minimal rights
• Migrants also faced with language barriers which makes it difficult to enter labour market (Zack,T.2014)
• Due to structure of the economy and absence of regulation members of arrival cities are able to create small businesses (Zack,T.2014)
• Small businesses are the heart of keeping arrival cities successful (Zack,T.2014)
• If laws prevent ethnic entrepreneurship this can lead to poverty traps (Zack,T.2014)
• Johannesburg has opportunities in the form of space in under-utilised building as well as logistics support (Zack,T.2014)
• Trading stalls run by Ethiopians, Nigerians and other ethnicities (Zack,T.2014)
• ## Profit margins are low due to the high amount of competition (Zack,T.2014)