Stages of learning Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Explain the cognitive stage
- trail and error learning
- the skills that are performed are inconsistent
- successful movements are reinforced by the performer experiencing success or getting reinforced by the coach praise
Explain the associative stage
- motor programmes are formed in this stage
- skills are not automatic yet
- when feedback occurs
the learner also gradually becomes more aware of increasingly subtle and complex cues
Example = when passing in football a player in this stage is more aware of other players movements off the ball
Explain the autonomous stage
- skills become automatic with little conscious thought
motor programme is completely formed in long term memory
performers retain time is short
Describe verbal guidance
- used to describe the actions and explain how to perform the activity
- used for associative and autonomous leaners as it is ver difficult to describe without a demonstration
What are the advantages of verbal guidance
- can be in the form of feedback and used to reinforce good movement and identify errors
- can hold the attention of the performer
- can be used to motivate the performer
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance
- can lead to information overload
- guidance could be inaccurate and so the performer may not develop the skills effectively
Describe visual guidance
- helps the learner create a mental image of the skill
- for cognitive learners
- includes demonstrations, videos an charts
What are the advantages of visual guidance
- easy to create a mental picture of what is required
- enables the skill to be seen in different stages
encourages observational learning by drawing attention to important cues
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance
- demonstration could be incorrect so the performer will learn bad habits
- coach may not be able to show an accurate demonstration
- visual representation may be unclear
Describe mechanical guidance
- physical support for the performer by another person or mechanical device
Example = swimming instructor holding a child horizontal so that they are able to get the kinaesthetic feel whilst being able to focus on moving their arms and legs
What are the advantages of mechanical guidance
- gives the performer a greater sense of safety
- improves the performers confidence
- can be used to isolate an important aspect of the skill to practice as a separate sub-routine
Example = if a cricketer needs to practice the swing of their batting then they would use a machine that places the ball in exactly the same spot overtime so that the cricketer can practice on batting without worrying where the ball would be
What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- can be over restrictive
- can lead to a false sense of kinesthesis
Describe intrinsic feedback
- information that is available to the performer that is internal
Critically evaluate intrinsic feedback
Advantages
- feedback occurs as the movement is performed so is readily available
- the performer does not have to rely on others
Disadvantages
- may not lead to accurate interpretation if the performer is in the cognitive stage as their performance will deteriorate
Describe extrinsic feedback
- feedback that comes from external sources
Example = teacher or coach
Critically evaluate extrinsic feedback
Advantages
- coach can give points that may lead to improved performance as long as the information is accurate and relevant
Disadvantages
- inaccurate feedback can effect performance neagitively
- if the source of feedback is unreliable then the performers motivation can drop
- extrinsic feedback dosent encourage much kinaesthetic awareness than intrinsic feedback
Describe positive feedback
- involves information that is often extrinsic and rewards the performer by praise or positive comments about the performance
Critically evaluate positive feedback
Advantages
- positive feedback can lead to positive reinforcement
- positive reinforcement than enables the correct S-R bond to be formed
- can be extremely motivating especially for cognitive learners
- can build confidence and self-esteem in the performer
Disadvantages
- if undeserved the performer may build inappropriate S-R bond and so performance will deteriorate
- some performers don’t respond well to too much praise and so many ignore feedback and this may hinder performance and learning
Describe negative feedback
- form of criticism and concentrates on the poor aspects of performance and results
- most suited for autonomous learners who require further refinement of their skills
Critically evaluate negative reinforcement
Advantages
- some performers are motivated by negative feedback and so may result in a more determined performer
- performer will be clear about which aspects of performance requires improvement
Disadvantages
- can be demotivating for performers who are especially in the cognitive stage or take criticism badly
- feedback may be determined to the learning process if it is inaccurate
Explain knowledge of results
- type of feedback is external
- can come from the performer seeing the result of the response or another person usually a coach
- there can be very little learning without this type of feedback
Explain knowledge of performance
- feedback is about the pattern of movement that has been taken or is taking place
- it is external feedback however can be gained through kinaesthetic awareness
Example = a coach of a trampolinist uses verbal feedback and play a video of performance and when major errors are corrected than the feedback will become less frequent.
