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A Level PE OCR > 1.1b Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

1.1b Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system refer to?

A

heart
blood
blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart.

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3
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cavae back to the heart.

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4
Q

What is the pathway of oxygenated blood once it leaves the lungs?

A 
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
semilunar valve
aorta
body
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5
Q

What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood once it after it leaves the rest of the body?

A 
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
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6
Q

Describe the left side of the cardiac muscle compared to right and explain why.

A

left side has a thicker muscular wall

allows it to forcefully contract to circulate oxygenated blood through the systemic system to muscles and organs

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7
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they?

A 
4
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
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8
Q

How many valves does the heart have and what are they?

A 
4
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
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9
Q

How many blood vessels attach to the heart and what are they?

A 
4
vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta
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10
Q

How many features of the conduction system are there and what are they?

A 
4
SA node
AV node
bundles of His
Purkinje fibre
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11
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

A specialist bundle of tissues that transmit the electrical pulse through the heart causing a coordinated contraction.

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12
Q

Where is the SA node and what does it do?

A

wall of right atrium

sends an impulse across both atria causing atrial systole

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13
Q

Where is the AV node and what does it do?

A

In the middle wall of the heart between atria and ventricles.
Receives impulse from SA node, delays it for a moment to allow for atrial systole to finish and sends it down the bundles of His.

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14
Q

Where is the bundles of His and what does it do?

A

In middle wall of the heart.

Transmit impulse to the bottom of the right and left side of the heart.

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15
Q

Where is the Purkinje fibres and what does it do?

A

In walls of ventricles.

Cause impulse to penetrate into ventricle wall causing ventricular systole.

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16
Q

Define the cardiac cycle.

A

All the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during one complete heartbeat.

  1. atrial diastole
  2. atrial systole
  3. ventricular diastole
  4. ventricular systole
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17
Q

What controls the cardiac cycle?

A

Conduction system –> to produce highly coordinated contractions of the heart

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18
Q

Define systole.

A

It is the heart working
The contraction phase of the heart chamber when it is pumping blood out.
1. atrial systole - blood pumped into ventricles
2. ventricular systole - blood pumped into pulmonary artery and aorta

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19
Q

Define diastole.

A

It is the heart relaxing
The relaxation phase of the heart chamber when it is receiving blood.
1. atrial diastole - blood entering the atria via vena cava and pulmonary vein
2. ventricular diastole - blood entering the ventricles from the atria

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20
Q

What are the events that happen in one heart beat during atrial diastole?

A

No electrical impulse
Atria fill with blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein
AV valves closed.
Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure
Blood starts to pass passively into ventricles

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21
Q

What are the events that happen in one heart beat during atrial systole?

A

SA node fires electrical impulse across atria.
Atria contract.
AV valves forced open
Remaining blood is pumped into ventricles
Semilunar valves close

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22
Q

What are the events that happen in one heart beat during ventricular diastole?

A

Impulse received by AV node
Delay impulse for a moment to allow atria systole to complete
AV valves close
AV node sends impulse down right and left bundles of His into the Purkinje fibres

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23
Q

What are the events that happen in one heart beat during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards.
Semilunar valves forced open
Blood is pumped out of ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta

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24
Q

Define heart rate. (HR)

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

units = bpm

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25
Q

What is the average heart rate at rest?

A

70 bpm

26
Q

What is the heart rate for endurance athlete?

A

50 bpm

27
Q

How can you calculate maximum HR?

A

200bpm - age

28
Q

What is it called when the resting HR is less that 60bpm?

A

bradycardia

caused by increased size and strength of heart known as cardiac hypertrophy

29
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Q = SV x HR

30
Q

Define stroke volume. (SV)

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

units = ml

31
Q

What is the average stroke volume at rest?

A

70ml

32
Q

What is the stroke volume for endurance athlete?

A

100ml

33
Q

What is Frank-Starling’s law of the heart?

A

SV depends on venous return (VR)
VR is the volume of blood returning to the heart
If VR increases SV increases and therefore force of contraction

34
Q

Define cardiac output (Q)

A

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
unit = l/min

35
Q

What is the average cardiac output at rest?

A

5 l/min

36
Q

What is the cardiac output for endurance athlete?

A

5 l/min

37
Q

Why does an endurance athlete have bradycardia?

A

Their heart is so efficient due to hypertrophy that it pumps more blood per minute so their resting heart rate is below 60bpm.

38
Q

What is sub-maximal?

A

a low to moderate intensity pf exercise within a performer’s aerobic capacity

39
Q

What is venous return?

A

the return of blood to the right atria through the veins

40
Q

What is maximal?

A

a high intensity of exercise above a performer’s aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue

41
Q

What is the CCC?

A

Cardiac control centre

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

42
Q

When is the CCC used?

A

When a situation arises needing the increase or decrease in hear rate

43
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR specifically during exercise

44
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR specifically during recovery

45
Q

What is the ANS and what does it do?

A

autonomic nervous system

determines the firing of the SA node

46
Q

What are the 3 factors which control he activity of the CCC?

A

Neural control
intrinsic control
hormonal control

47
Q

What is neural control?

A

proprioceptors –>in muscles and joints, tell CCC that movement has increased
chemoreceptors –>in aorta and carotid arteries, detect decrease in blood pH due to an increase in lactic acid
baroreceptors–>in blood vessel walls, inform CCC of increase in blood pressure

48
Q

What is intrinsic control?

A

temperature–>changes affect blood viscosity and speed of nerve impulse transmission
venous return–>changes will affect stretch in ventricle walls, force of contraction and therefore SV

49
Q

What is hormonal control?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline–> these are released from the adrenal glands and increase SV and HR

50
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

51
Q

What makes up the vascular system?

A

blood vessels

blood - 45% cells + 55% plasma

52
Q

Name the types of blood vessels.

A

arteries + arterioles
capillaries
veins + venues

53
Q

What are the features of arteries/arterioles?

A

Contain blood under high pressure
Have a large layer of smooth muscles and elastic tissue to vasodilator and vasoconstrict
Arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the capillary bed to control blood flow through dilation and constriction

54
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A

Capillary walls are one cell thick

Is where gas exchange takes place

55
Q

What are the features of veins/venules?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood
Have thin walls
Small layer of smooth muscle to allow ventilate and venoconstrict
Contain blood under low pressure
Have one-way pocket valves to prevent blood flowing backwards against gravity

56
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capilary sphincters

57
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capilary sphincters

58
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood depleted of oxygen and saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

59
Q

What is venodilation?

A

widening of the veins and venules

60
Q

What is venoconstricton?

A

Narrowing of veins and venules

A Level PE OCR (7 decks)

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