1.1a Skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

What are the common features of a synovial joint?

Answer 1

ligament
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
joint capsule
bursa

Question 2

What are the planes of movement?

Answer 2

sagittal (side)
frontal (front)
transverse (top)

Question 3

What are the movement patterns of the sagittal plane?

Answer 3

flexion - bending arm at elbow
extension - straightening arm at elbow
dorsi-flexion - pointing toes up
plantar flexion - pointing toes down

Question 4

What are the movement patterns of the frontal plane?

Answer 4

abduction - moving arm at shoulder away from midline

adduction - moving arm at shoulder towards the midline

Question 5

What are the movement patterns of the transverse plane?

Answer 5

horizontal extension - moving arm at the shoulder away from the midline parallel to the ground
horizontal flexion - moving arm at shoulder towards midline parallel to the ground
rotation - movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action

Question 6

Name three types of joint.

Answer 6

ball and socket
hinge
condyloid

Question 7

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 7

found at shoulder and hip
all three planes of movement used
all movement patterns possible

Question 8

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 8

found at elbow, knee and ankle
only uses sagittal plane
only flexion, extension, dorsi-flexion and planter flexion possible

Question 9

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 9

found at the wrist
uses sagittal and frontal plane
flexion, extension, adduction and abduction movement only

Question 10

What muscles and joints are associated with the shoulder?

Answer 10

ball and socket joint
humerus and scapula (bones)
plane of movements - all
sagittal plane - flexion agonist - anterior deltoid
extension agonist - posterior deltoid
frontal plane - adduction agonist - latissimus dorsi
abduction agonist - medial deltoid
transverse plane - horizontal flexion agonist - pectoralis major
horizontal extension - posterior deltoid and teres minor
medial rotation - latissimus dorsi
lateral rotation - teres minor
practical application - star jumps

Question 11

What muscles and joints are associated with the elbow?

Answer 11

hinge joint
humerus, radius & ulna
planes of movement = sagittal
sagittal plane - flexion agonist - bicep brachii
extension agonist - tricep brachii
practical application - netball shot

Question 12

What muscles and joints are associated with the wrist?

Answer 12

condyloid joint
radius, ulna & carpals
planes of movement = sagittal
sagittal plane - flexion agonist - wrist flexors
extension agonist - wrist extensors
practical application - basket ball shot

Question 13

What muscles and joints are associated with the hip?

Answer 13

ball and socket joint
pelvic girdle & femur
planes of movement - all
sagittal - flexion agonist - iliopsoas
extension agonist - gluteus maximus
frontal - adduction agonist - adductor longus/magnus
abduction agonist - gluteus medius/minimus
transverse - medial rotation agonist - gluteus medius/minimus
lateral rotation agonist - gluteus maximus
practical example - upward phase in weightlifting to create hip extension

Question 14

What muscles and joints are associated with the knee?

Answer 14

Hinge joint
Femur and tibia
Planes pof movement - sagittal
Sagittal - flexion agonist - Biceps femoris/semitendinosus
extension agonist - Rectus femoris/vastus lateralis
Practical example - Penalty shot in football - flexion

Question 15

What muscles and joints are associated with the ankle?

Answer 15

Hinge joint
Tibia, fibula and talus
Planes of movement - sagittal
Sagittal - Dorsi-flexion agonist - tibialis anterior
Plantar flexion agonist - gastrocnemius
Practical example - holding a door open - dorsi-flexion

Question 16

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 16

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint.

Also known as the prime mover.

Question 17

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 17

A muscle that opposes the agonist muscle, providing resistance for co-ordinated movement.

Question 18

What is a fixator muscle?

Answer 18

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another part moves.

Question 19

What is energy?

Answer 19

The ability to perform work (measured in joules or calories)

Question 20

What does a muscle use energy for?

Answer 20

To create a force by contracting.

Question 21

In what ways can a muscle contract?

Answer 21

isotonic - change in length

isometric - does not change length

Question 22

What isotonic contractions are there?

Answer 22

concentric - muscle shortens to produce tension e.g. upwards phase of a bicep curl - bicep brachii concentrically contracts to lift weight

eccentric - muscle lengthens to produce tension e.g. during the downward phase of a bicep curl, the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight.

Question 23

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 23

Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created e.g. holding the press-up position still with arms and elbows extended.