GCE PE vocabulary Flashcards
Acclimatisation
The effects a training system forces upon the body to compensate for the stresses of a new
environment; heat and altitude training.
Actin
The thin protein filament found in the
myofibril.
Action potential
The change in electrical potential associated
with the passage of an impulse along the
membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
ADP (Adensosine Diphosphate)
The production of energy results in ATP losing
a phosphate which in turn results in the
formation of ADP.
Aggression
Any form of behaviour that is used to harm
another individual.
All or none law
All muscle fibres will be either be contracting
or not activated at all.
There is no in between action potential.
Altitude Training
A performer who exposes their body to high
altitude will cause it to acclimatise to the
environment that has a lower level of oxygen available.
It results in the production of EPO which in
turn stimulates the production of more red
blood cells which allows the body to deliver
more oxygen to the working muscles.
Amateurism
Participating in sport for pleasure, rather than
financial gain.
Angular momentum
The amount of motion a body or object has
during rotation.
Angular velocity x moment of inertia.
Angular velocity
The rate of movement of the body or object in rotation.
Anxiety
A negative side effect of stress; state and trait anxiety.
Arousal
Arousal is your level of excitement and
readiness to perform.
Your performance will be best at an optimum level of arousal.
Athleticism
Combination of physical endeavour and moral
integrity.
Mixing honour, truth and sportsmanship.
Athleticism
Physical endeavour (effort) with moral integrity (sportsmanship).
Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi–store
memory model
Human memory has three separate
components: sensory register, short–term memory and long–term memory.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
This is the energy source of the body, as it
breaks down energy is released.
Attitude
A stable belief or feeling about something.
Bandura’s theory of self–efficacy
The theory of self–efficacy lies at the centre of Bandura’s social cognitive theory.
This emphasises the role of observational
learning and social experience in the
development of the subjects’ personality.
Bandura’s theory of social learning
Learning is a cognitive process that takes
place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction,
even in the absence of motor reproduction
or direct reinforcement.
Bernoulli’s principle
The relationship between velocity and
pressure as they act upon an object as it
moves through fluid or air.
The principle that in a flowing fluid or air, an
increase in velocity happens simultaneously
with decrease in pressure.
Biofeedback
A technique that allows performers to control their physiological responses such as heart
rate through the use of electrodes.
Borg scale of Perceived Exertion
A measure of how hard you are exercising.
The Borg Scale takes into account your fitness level: It matches how hard you feel you are
working with numbers from 6 to 20; thus, it is
a “relative” scale and unique to each person
using it.
Cardiac cycle
The order of events that take place during one heart beat. It includes the diastole and systole phase.
Cardiovascular drift
The increase in heart rate that occurs during
prolonged endurance exercise with little or no change in workload.
Centre of mass
The point where all of the mass of the object is concentrated.
When an object is supported at its centre of
mass there is no net torque acting on the body and it will remain in static equilibrium.
Chelladurai’s multi–dimensional model of
sports leadership
The model states that the leader will be more
effective if the groups’ satisfaction with the
leader is high.
A team which is not satisfied with its leader
will not demonstrate the same level of
performance or satisfaction.
Cognitive theory of learning
Learning by observing and copying others.
Concentric contraction
During this muscular contraction the muscle
will shorten during the movement.
Continuous skills
This shows movement with no clear start or
stop point. The movements blend into each
other.
Craik and Lockharts levels of processing model
Memory is just a by–product of the depth of
processing of information and there is no
clear distinction between short term memory and long term memory.
Discrete skills
The movement shows a clear start and end point.
Distributed practice
Attempts at the skill are divided up with
intervals in between to allow for rest, feedback and mental rehearsal. This is best used in
difficult, dangerous or fatiguing skills and with young or lowly motivated individuals.
Eccentric contraction
During this muscular contraction the muscle
will lengthen during the movement.
Energy continuum
The interaction of the three energy systems
to provide energy to re–synthesise ATP.
It shows the predominant system or
percentage of each system dependant on
the intensity and duration of the activity.
Ergogenic aid
A technique or substance used for the
purpose of enhancing performance.
Excess post–exercise oxygen consumption
EPOC
Informally called afterburn and is a
measurably increased rate of oxygen intake
following strenuous activity intended to
the body’s oxygen deficit.
Extrinsic motivation
Performing for rewards that maybe either
tangible or intangible.
Fixator
Muscles that work with the agonist muscle in
creating effective movement by stabilising the bones during the movement.
Fixed practice
This involves the repeated practise of a skill
in order to strengthen the motor programme and create a habitual motor programme.
This type of practice is best with discrete,
closed skills.
Games ethic
The belief in games as a vehicle for
establishing/developing social control and
character.
Globalisation
The process by which sport has developed
international influence and started to operate
on an international scale.
Glycolysis
Production of four ATP molecules through the breakdown of glycogen into pyruvic acid.