Stages of Learning Flashcards
(21 cards)
Who identified several different stages in the learning process?
Fitts and posner
What does the cognitive stage involve?
Lots of trial and error
The successful movements can be reinforced by the performer experiencing success or being told that the move has been successful. (Positive reinforcement)
What do movements often lack in the cognitive stage?
Often lack fluency/ co-ordination
How do mistakes fit into the cognitive stage of learning?
Mistakes allow them to learn.
The performer should understand why failure occurred in order to avoid the same experience in the future
What may teachers use in the cognitive stage?
May use demonstrations or other methods of guidance to aid understanding
What is it important that is done in the cognitive stage of learning?
It is important that relevant cues are highlighted by the teacher and recognised by the performer
Overview of the cognitive stage?
Earliest stage of learning when the performer starts to understand what needs to be done
Practical example of the cognitive stage?
If a novice badminton player is in the cognitive stage of learning and needs to understand the serve, his teacher could demonstrate the correct technique and highlight cues so that the player builds up a mental picture of what needs to be done. This ‘visualisation’ of the movement is more effective if the teaching is simple, clear and concise.
What is a cueing?
Identifying important cues or stimuli- for example, watching the arm of your opponent when receiving a serve in tennis.
What does the performer do in the associative stage of learning?
The performer practises and compares or associates the movements produced with mental image
How does feedback help in the associative stage?
Feedback occurs and the learner gradually becomes more aware of increasing subtle and complex cue e.g when passing in football, a player in the associative stage is more aware of other player’s movements off the ball
How much improvement usually occurs in the associative stage?
A vast improvement in performance usually occurs
What is said to formed in this stage of learning?
Motor programmes are said to be formed in this stage of learning although skills have probably not been ‘grooved’ automatically yet
E.g a tennis player may have become a competent server of the ball, but it is at times inconsistent and the quality of each serve may vary
Practical example of associative the stage?
The novice badminton player who is now aware of what needs to be done for the serve has tried various strategies and is now entering the associative stage
His serves are now more consistent and most serves fall into the serve box
The performer is concentrating on getting the serves lower and into different areas. The teacher is giving feedback and the performer is starting to detect and correct errors, even without the teacher’s help
What does performance mean?
A temporary measurement which can alter from time to time. It differs from the term learning as learning is relatively more permanent
What do movements become in the autonomous stage of learning?
Automatic, with very little conscious thought (habitual)
Movements are fluent/efficient
What stage is the autonomous stage of learning?
The final stage of the skill learning process
Key points about the autonomous stage?
Any distractions are largely ignored and the performer is able to concentrate on more peripheral strategies and tactics
Motor programmes are completely formed in the long-term memory and reaction time is short
Will all performers reach the autonomous stage?
Some performers may never reach this stage or may reach it with only the basic movement patterns
What must performers do to stay in the autonomous stage?
Continuously refer back to the associative stage, where practice ensures that motor programmes are reinforced
Practical example of the autonomous stage?
The performer of the badminton server is now confident and able to consistently perform an accurate serve with the minimum amount of thought.
The performer can use more sophisticated strategies, such as disguising the nature of her serve, to put her opponents at a disadvantage
