Stages of Development Flashcards
What were Piaget’s four main stages of Cognitive Development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
Primary and secondary circular reactions; object permanence develops
Preoperational stage (Piaget)
Child has not mastered conservation
Concrete operational stage (Piaget)
Child masters conservation
Formal operational stage (Piaget)
Person has the ability to think complexly
What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Oral stage (Freud)
Libidinal energy centered around mouth. Can lead to excessive dependency.
Anal stage (Freud)
Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness.
Phallic stage (Freud)
Oedipal conflict is resolved.
Latency stage (Freud)
Libido is largely sublimated during this stage.
Genital stage (Freud)
Begins at puberty; if previous stages are successful = heterosexual relations.
What are the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
- Trust v. Mistrust
- Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
- Initiative v. Guilt
- Industry v. Inferiority
- Identity v. Role Confusion
- Intimacy v. Isolation
- Generativity v. Stagnation
- Integrity v. Despair
Trust v. Mistrust (Erikson)
If successful: Child will trust environment and self.
If mistrust: Child will be suspicious of the world throughout life.
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)
If successful: Feeling of ability to exercise free choice.
If shame and doubt: Sense of doubt and lack of control.
Initiative v. Guilt (Erikson)
If successful: Ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment.
If guilt: Overcome by fear of punishment.
Industry v. Inferiority (Erikson)
If successful: Feeling of competence.
If inferiority: Sense of inadequacy and insecurity.
Identity v. Role Confusion (Erikson)
If successful: Fidelity, the ability to see one as a unique person with sustained loyalties.
If role confusion: Confusion of identity.
Intimacy v. Isolation (Erikson)
If successful: Ability to have relationships with others and commit to one person.
If isolation: Withdrawn, only capable of superficial relationships.
Generativity v. Stagnation
If successful: Productive and contributing member of society.
If stagnation: Self-indulgent, bored, limited care for others.
Integrity v. Despair (Erikson)
If successful: Detached concern in life itself.
If despair: Feelings of bitterness, fearing death.
What are Kohlberg’s three stages of development?
Pre-conventional morality, conventional phase of morality, post-conventional morality.
Pre-conventional morality (Kohlberg)
Right and wrong are defined.
Punishment and obedience/orientation toward reciprocity.
Conventional phase of morality (Kohlberg)
Social rules.
Good girl, nice boy/law-and-order orientation.
Post-conventional morality
Moral rules seen to ensure greater good.
Social contract orientation/universal ethical principles.
