Stages of Development

Question 1

What were Piaget’s four main stages of Cognitive Development?

Answer 1

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Question 2

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

Answer 2

Primary and secondary circular reactions; object permanence develops

Question 3

Preoperational stage (Piaget)

Answer 3

Child has not mastered conservation

Question 4

Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

Answer 4

Child masters conservation

Question 5

Formal operational stage (Piaget)

Answer 5

Person has the ability to think complexly

Question 6

What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 6

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 7

Oral stage (Freud)

Answer 7

Libidinal energy centered around mouth. Can lead to excessive dependency.

Question 8

Anal stage (Freud)

Answer 8

Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness.

Question 9

Phallic stage (Freud)

Answer 9

Oedipal conflict is resolved.

Question 10

Latency stage (Freud)

Answer 10

Libido is largely sublimated during this stage.

Question 11

Genital stage (Freud)

Answer 11

Begins at puberty; if previous stages are successful = heterosexual relations.

Question 12

What are the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

Answer 12

1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative v. Guilt
4. Industry v. Inferiority
5. Identity v. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy v. Isolation
7. Generativity v. Stagnation
8. Integrity v. Despair

Question 13

Trust v. Mistrust (Erikson)

Answer 13

If successful: Child will trust environment and self.

If mistrust: Child will be suspicious of the world throughout life.

Question 14

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

Answer 14

If successful: Feeling of ability to exercise free choice.

If shame and doubt: Sense of doubt and lack of control.

Question 15

Initiative v. Guilt (Erikson)

Answer 15

If successful: Ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment.

If guilt: Overcome by fear of punishment.

Question 16

Industry v. Inferiority (Erikson)

Answer 16

If successful: Feeling of competence.

If inferiority: Sense of inadequacy and insecurity.

Question 17

Identity v. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Answer 17

If successful: Fidelity, the ability to see one as a unique person with sustained loyalties.

If role confusion: Confusion of identity.

Question 18

Intimacy v. Isolation (Erikson)

Answer 18

If successful: Ability to have relationships with others and commit to one person.

If isolation: Withdrawn, only capable of superficial relationships.

Question 19

Generativity v. Stagnation

Answer 19

If successful: Productive and contributing member of society.

If stagnation: Self-indulgent, bored, limited care for others.

Question 20

Integrity v. Despair (Erikson)

Answer 20

If successful: Detached concern in life itself.

If despair: Feelings of bitterness, fearing death.

Question 21

What are Kohlberg’s three stages of development?

Answer 21

Pre-conventional morality, conventional phase of morality, post-conventional morality.

Question 22

Pre-conventional morality (Kohlberg)

Answer 22

Right and wrong are defined.

Punishment and obedience/orientation toward reciprocity.

Question 23

Conventional phase of morality (Kohlberg)

Answer 23

Social rules.

Good girl, nice boy/law-and-order orientation.

Question 24

Post-conventional morality

Answer 24

Moral rules seen to ensure greater good.

Social contract orientation/universal ethical principles.