Stages of Development

Question 1

Pre-verbal stage - vegetative

Answer 1

Sounds of discomfort or reflexive actions (0-4m)

Question 2

Pre-verbal stage - cooing

Answer 2

Comfort sounds and vocal play using open-mouthed vowel sounds (4-7m)

Question 3

Pre-verbal stage - Babbling

Answer 3

Repeated patterns of consonant & vowel sounds (6-12m)

Question 4

Pre-verbal stage - Proto-words/scribble talk

Answer 4

Word like vocalisations, not matching actual words but used consistently for the same meaning (9-12m)

Question 5

Proto-word example

Answer 5

Using ‘mmm’ to mean ‘give me that’ as well as an accompanying gesture.

Question 6

Lexical/Grammatical development - Holophrastic/one-word

Answer 6

One word utterances (12-18m)

Question 7

Lexical/Grammatical development - Two-word

Answer 7

Two word combinations (18-24m)

Question 8

Lexical/Grammatical development - Telegraphic

Answer 8

3+ words combined (24-36m)

Question 9

Lexical/Grammatical development - Post-telegraphic

Answer 9

More grammatically complex combinations (36+m)

Question 10

Phonological development - Plosives

Answer 10

Created when the airflow is blocked for a brief time

Question 11

Plosives voiced and unvoiced

Answer 11

V: b, d, g
UV: p, t, r

Question 12

Phonological development - Fricatives

Answer 12

Created when airflow is only partially blocked & air moves through mouth in steady stream

Question 13

Fricatives voiced and unvoiced

Answer 13

V: v, ð  (THy), Z, ʒ (deluSion)
UV: f, θ (THigh), s, ʃ (SHip)

Question 14

Phonological development - Affricates

Answer 14

When you put plosives and fricatives together

Question 15

Affricates voiced and unvoiced

Answer 15

V: dʒ (Judge)
UV: ʈʃ (CHurch)

Question 16

Phonological Acquisition sequence - 2 y/o

Answer 16

Phoneme - p, b, m, d, n, w, t

Question 17

Phonological Acquisition sequence - 2.5 y/o

Answer 17

k, g, h, ŋ (kiNG)

Question 18

Phonological Acquisition sequence - 3 y/o

Answer 18

f, s, j, l

Question 19

Phonological Acquisition sequence - 3.5 y/o

Answer 19

ʈʃ (CHurch), dʒ (Germ), V, Z, ʃ (fiSH), r

Question 20

Phonological Acquisition sequence - 4 y/o

Answer 20

ð  (smooTH), ʒ (beiGe)

Question 21

LOOK IN BOOK

Answer 21

HIGH LEVEL AND EXTRA NOTES

Question 22

Early phonological errors and example - Deletion

Answer 22

Omitting the final consonant in words. Eg. do(g)

Question 23

Early phonological errors and example - Substitution

Answer 23

Substituting one sound for another. Eg. ‘pip’ for ‘ship’

Question 24

Early phonological errors and example - Addition

Answer 24

Adding an extra vowel sound to the ends of words, creating a CVCV pattern. Eg. doggie

Question 25

Early phonological errors and example - Assimilation

Answer 25

Changing one consonant/vowel for another Eg. ‘gog’ for ‘dog’

Question 26

Early phonological errors and example - reduplication

Answer 26

Repeating a whole syllable
Eg. dada and mama

Question 27

Early phonological errors and example - Consonant cluster reductions

Answer 27

CCR difficult to articulate so children reduce them to units.
Eg. ‘pider’ for ‘spider’

Question 28

Early phonological errors and example - deletion of unstressed syllables

Answer 28

Omitting opening syllable in polysyllabic words
Eg. ‘nana’ for ‘banana’

Question 29

Theory: Explain ‘fis’ phenomenon

Answer 29

Dialogue based on research conducted in ‘60’s by Jean Berko & Roger Brown.
- Children may not be able to say words but can perceive them correctly mentally
- Disapproves Skinners imitation theory

Question 30

Theory - Alan Cruttenden (1974)

Answer 30

Found children below 7 were less skilled at interpretation of intonation then adults

Question 31

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 31

Human brain inbuilt capacity to acquire language

Question 32

Universal Grammar

Answer 32

Explanation that all languages share the principles of grammar despite surface differences in lexis/phonology

Question 33

Phonemic expansion

Answer 33

Variety of sounds produced increases

Question 34

Phonemic contraction

Answer 34

Variety of sounds reduced to the sounds of the main language used