Stages of child development. Physical characteristics of children. Flashcards
what are the major milestones from 1-1.5 months ?
motor :
turns head side to side when on tummy
cannot hold head up or in line with body
speech : babbles at people known
vision and hearing :
focus on parents
reaches out for hanging toys - 1 months
1 1/2 months following moving objects and the face turns
socia: loves looking at new faces
smile to parents
startled by sudden noise
what are the major milestones in 1.6-2 months ?
motor : rolls from side to back
in ventral suspension - head maintained in the same place as the rest of the body
speech :vocalises
vision/hearing : focus on objects
smiles - 2 months
what are the major milestones from 2.1-2.5 months
rolls from tummy to side
rest on elbows and lift head at 90 degrees , legs fully extended - LANDAU REFLEX
sits propped up with hands and head steady for short time
NO SWALLOWING REFLUX
ROOTING AND SUCKING REFLEX
speech : verbalising eeh-aah
deep belly laughs
vision hearing : eye to hand coordination
colour vision adult like
what are the major milestones in 3 month ?
motor : head held up for prolonged periods
in ventral suspension head maintained beyond the plane f the rest of the body
no grasp reflex
speech - vowel rises and vocalises
“aa,aa”
vision / hearing : BINOCULAR VISION
turns around to sound
eye to object coordination
social : recognises mother
what are the major milestones in 4- 5 months ?
motor :holds head steady
*head control *
goes for objects with both hands and puts into the mouth
sits alone without support and holding the head erect and arms forward for the support
palmar grasp
vision / hearing : reach hanging objects
notice colors
what re the major milestones when 6-7 months months old ?
transfer of objects from one hand to another
sits erect WITHOUT support - with a round back
rolls tummy to back
speech : polysyllables : ba , da - 7months
babbles consonant and voel combo
vision / hearing: localises the sound within 45cm from ear
20/20 vision
pectoral depth cues
*reaches for objects seen with one hand * ( 6months)
social : stranger anxiety
social - stranger anxiety
what are the major milestones of 9-10 months old ?
motor : crawling
sits erect without support
transfer objects (9 months)
with a straight back
(9 months)
pincer grasp on objects seizing with hand
standing with support
(10 months )
speech : bisyllables -dada ,mama
baubles tunefully
baubles constantly - 10 months
vision/ hearing : looks for toys dropped
social - stranger anxiety
what are the major milestones for 1 years olds ?
*stand without support *
pincer grip
can walk unsteadily , hands apart and broad gait without support
LEGS MAY STILL BE BOWED
drinks from a cup with both hands
speech : baubles 2 or 3 words with meaning “dink”
social - cooperates with dressing
waving goodbye
understand simple commands
what are the major milestones in 18 months ?
motor :* walk alone* and steadily (start at 12 month - 18 month is the limit) picks up stuff without falling over stair climbing holding rails jumping *feeding self with spoon* tower of 3 blocks makes marks with crayon
speech : jargon words of 8 and 10
saying 6 words with meaning
shows two parts of the body when asked such as “where is your nose” baby poi’s to it
hearing and vision : recognise favourite songs and join in
social :copies parents tasks
what are the major milestones in 2 years old ?
,motor : run stair climbing with two feet on one step tower of 6 blocks ca draw a line
speech : able to repeat words heard
joins 2 or three words to make a simple sentence
using pronouns such as i , me , you “give me teddy”
vision hearing : recognise words
social : day time bladder control
symbol playing such as feeding the teddy bear
what are the major milestones in 3 years old ?
stair climbing with one foot but downstair two foot draws man on request pronate grasping tower of 9 blocks copies circle makes a bridge with blocks
speech :constantly asks questions
speak in sentences
3 word sentences
social : shares toys - interactive playing
known name and gender
what are the major milestones in 4 years old ?
motor : stair climbing up and down with one feet per step skips on one foot between 4-6 tripod grip develops copies cross / square forms a step with blocks
speech : says songs or poems
social : goes to toilet alone
what are the major milestones in 5 years old ?
skips on both feet
control and balance attained
control gravitational forces in walking
copies triangle
speech : fluent with few infantile sub ,
asks meaning of new words
social : dresses and undresses alone
what are the major milestones in 6 years old ?
till age 7 muscle walking activation pattern complete
head control , trunk coordination while walking until 8
copies a diamond
knows right from left
which reflex disappears in 4-8 months ?
moro reflex
how is child development different from child growth ?
QUALITATIVE
child development changes in physical and behavioural
IT IS PROGRESSIVE , IN ORDER AND FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD
it is related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system
growth is
QUANTITIVAE
refers to the physical increase in weight , height etc
from what period to what is infancy ?
both to 2 years old
what is the period given from childhood ?
2-12 years
what period is adolescence ?
12 to 18 years
what does the early closure of fontanelle indicate ?
craniostenosisi
development usually progresses in what direction ?
cephalocaudic direction - first head control , the grasping , crawling etc
in relation to maturation of CNS and myelination
what factors are associated with a child being deaf ?
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
congenital viral infections
kernicterus
prolonged use of ahminoglycosides
what is the perinatal period ?
28 weeks of gestation to 7 days after birth
what is the neonatal period
from birth to 28 days
between the age 3-5 months there is a high susceptibility to infection why ?
passive immunity starts to decline and the acquired immunity starts to take place
in what years are the puberty for boys
10-16 years
in what years do puberty occur in women
11-14 years
what are the four fields of development ?
gross motor
vision and fine motor
social and emotional behaviour
why is motor development most paid in the first two years of life ?
myelination of the neurones in the brain occurs rapidly n the first two years of life
thereafter continues to develop in a slower rate
some structures such as frontal lobes myelination is only complete during adolescence
what are the primitive reflexes at birth ?
moro reflex
grasp
rooting - head turns to the stimulus which is touched nerve the mouth
stepping response - stepping movements when held vertically and the dorms of the feet try to touch surface
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex - when lying supine the infant outstretches its arm to the side to which its head will be turned
sucking reflex
when newborn to the limbs are flexed and in a symmetrical posture , there is naked head lag when pulled up straight
primitive reflexes gives way to which reflexes ?
postural reflexes - essential for independent sitting ndwalking energy
what are the primitive reflexes ?
labyrinthine righting - head moves in opposite direction to which the body is tilted
postural support - when held upright , legs take the weight and the body may push up
lateral propping - when sitting the arms extend to one side to which the child falls as a saving mechanism
parachute - when suspended face down the baby’s arm extend as though to save itself
what are the early locomotion patterns seen just before a child starts to walk
commando crawl
crawling on all four
bottom shuffling
what are the newborn hearing tests ?
done within first weeks of life
otoacoustic emission - earphone produces a sound giving an echo from the ear if cochlear function is normal
:( not really a hearing test but cochlear function test
:9 flare positive if done the first 24 hours due to amniotic fluid and vernix
auditory brainstem response - computer analysis of electroencephalogram waveforms made in response to a series of auditory stimuli
:( affected by movement so baby needs to be asleep
what are the hearing testing in 7-9 months
distraction testing - someone gives high and low frequency sound behind the baby out of the field of vision and their head turns or the react appropriately
need to be done by professional because impaired infants are adept at using non auditory cues
what are the hearing testing in 10-18 months of age
visual reinforcement auditory - hearing thresholds areetsbalished with visual rewards
what is the resp rate in stages of child development?
preterm = 40-60 newborn = 30-50 less than 1 years = 30-40 less than 2 years = 20-40 less than 5 years = 25-30 less than 12 years = 20-25 more than 12 = 15-20
what’s the heart rate in childs development ?
preterm = 100-200 bpm newborn to 1 years old = 110-160 less than 2 years = 100-150 less than 5years = 95-40 less than 12 yrs =80-120 more tha 12 yrs = 60-100
