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pediatrics > Stages of child development. Physical characteristics of children. > Flashcards

Stages of child development. Physical characteristics of children. Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major milestones from 1-1.5 months ?

A

motor :

turns head side to side when on tummy
cannot hold head up or in line with body

speech : babbles at people known

vision and hearing :
focus on parents
reaches out for hanging toys - 1 months
1 1/2 months following moving objects and the face turns

socia: loves looking at new faces
smile to parents
startled by sudden noise

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2
Q

what are the major milestones in 1.6-2 months ?

A

motor : rolls from side to back

in ventral suspension - head maintained in the same place as the rest of the body

speech :vocalises

vision/hearing : focus on objects
smiles - 2 months

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3
Q

what are the major milestones from 2.1-2.5 months

A

rolls from tummy to side
rest on elbows and lift head at 90 degrees , legs fully extended - LANDAU REFLEX
sits propped up with hands and head steady for short time
NO SWALLOWING REFLUX
ROOTING AND SUCKING REFLEX

speech : verbalising eeh-aah
deep belly laughs

vision hearing : eye to hand coordination
colour vision adult like

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4
Q

what are the major milestones in 3 month ?

A

motor : head held up for prolonged periods
in ventral suspension head maintained beyond the plane f the rest of the body
no grasp reflex

speech - vowel rises and vocalises
“aa,aa”

vision / hearing : BINOCULAR VISION
turns around to sound
eye to object coordination

social : recognises mother

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5
Q

what are the major milestones in 4- 5 months ?

A

motor :holds head steady
*head control *

goes for objects with both hands and puts into the mouth

sits alone without support and holding the head erect and arms forward for the support

palmar grasp

vision / hearing : reach hanging objects
notice colors

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6
Q

what re the major milestones when 6-7 months months old ?

A

transfer of objects from one hand to another
sits erect WITHOUT support - with a round back
rolls tummy to back

speech : polysyllables : ba , da - 7months
babbles consonant and voel combo

vision / hearing: localises the sound within 45cm from ear
20/20 vision
pectoral depth cues
*reaches for objects seen with one hand * ( 6months)

social : stranger anxiety

social - stranger anxiety

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7
Q

what are the major milestones of 9-10 months old ?

A

motor : crawling
sits erect without support
transfer objects (9 months)
with a straight back

(9 months)

pincer grasp on objects seizing with hand
standing with support
(10 months )

speech : bisyllables -dada ,mama
baubles tunefully
baubles constantly - 10 months

vision/ hearing : looks for toys dropped

social - stranger anxiety

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8
Q

what are the major milestones for 1 years olds ?

A

*stand without support *
pincer grip
can walk unsteadily , hands apart and broad gait without support
LEGS MAY STILL BE BOWED
drinks from a cup with both hands

speech : baubles 2 or 3 words with meaning “dink”

social - cooperates with dressing
waving goodbye
understand simple commands

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9
Q

what are the major milestones in 18 months ?

A 
motor :* walk alone* and steadily  (start at 12 month - 18 month is the limit) 
picks up stuff without falling over 
stair climbing holding rails 
jumping 
*feeding self with spoon* 
tower of 3 blocks 
makes marks with crayon

speech : jargon words of 8 and 10
saying 6 words with meaning
shows two parts of the body when asked such as “where is your nose” baby poi’s to it

hearing and vision : recognise favourite songs and join in

social :copies parents tasks

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10
Q

what are the major milestones in 2 years old ?

A 
,motor :
run 
stair climbing with two feet on one step 
tower of 6 blocks 
ca draw a line

speech : able to repeat words heard
joins 2 or three words to make a simple sentence
using pronouns such as i , me , you “give me teddy”

vision hearing : recognise words

social : day time bladder control
symbol playing such as feeding the teddy bear

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11
Q

what are the major milestones in 3 years old ?

A 
stair climbing with one foot 
but downstair two foot 
draws man on request 
pronate grasping 
tower of 9 blocks 
copies circle 
makes a bridge with blocks

speech :constantly asks questions
speak in sentences
3 word sentences

social : shares toys - interactive playing
known name and gender

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12
Q

what are the major milestones in 4 years old ?

A 
motor : stair climbing up and down with one feet per step 
skips on one foot 
between 4-6 tripod grip develops 
copies cross / square 
forms a step with blocks

speech : says songs or poems

social : goes to toilet alone

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13
Q

what are the major milestones in 5 years old ?

A

skips on both feet
control and balance attained
control gravitational forces in walking
copies triangle

speech : fluent with few infantile sub ,
asks meaning of new words

social : dresses and undresses alone

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14
Q

what are the major milestones in 6 years old ?

A

till age 7 muscle walking activation pattern complete
head control , trunk coordination while walking until 8
copies a diamond
knows right from left

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15
Q

which reflex disappears in 4-8 months ?

A

moro reflex

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16
Q

how is child development different from child growth ?

A

QUALITATIVE
child development changes in physical and behavioural
IT IS PROGRESSIVE , IN ORDER AND FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD
it is related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system

growth is
QUANTITIVAE
refers to the physical increase in weight , height etc

17
Q

from what period to what is infancy ?

A

both to 2 years old

18
Q

what is the period given from childhood ?

A

2-12 years

19
Q

what period is adolescence ?

A

12 to 18 years

20
Q

what does the early closure of fontanelle indicate ?

A

craniostenosisi

21
Q

development usually progresses in what direction ?

A

cephalocaudic direction - first head control , the grasping , crawling etc
in relation to maturation of CNS and myelination

22
Q

what factors are associated with a child being deaf ?

A

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

congenital viral infections

kernicterus

prolonged use of ahminoglycosides

23
Q

what is the perinatal period ?

A

28 weeks of gestation to 7 days after birth

24
Q

what is the neonatal period

A

from birth to 28 days

25
Q

between the age 3-5 months there is a high susceptibility to infection why ?

A

passive immunity starts to decline and the acquired immunity starts to take place

26
Q

in what years are the puberty for boys

A

10-16 years

27
Q

in what years do puberty occur in women

A

11-14 years

28
Q

what are the four fields of development ?

A

gross motor
vision and fine motor
social and emotional behaviour

29
Q

why is motor development most paid in the first two years of life ?

A

myelination of the neurones in the brain occurs rapidly n the first two years of life
thereafter continues to develop in a slower rate

some structures such as frontal lobes myelination is only complete during adolescence

30
Q

what are the primitive reflexes at birth ?

A

moro reflex

grasp

rooting - head turns to the stimulus which is touched nerve the mouth

stepping response - stepping movements when held vertically and the dorms of the feet try to touch surface

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex - when lying supine the infant outstretches its arm to the side to which its head will be turned

sucking reflex

when newborn to the limbs are flexed and in a symmetrical posture , there is naked head lag when pulled up straight

31
Q

primitive reflexes gives way to which reflexes ?

A

postural reflexes - essential for independent sitting ndwalking energy

32
Q

what are the primitive reflexes ?

A

labyrinthine righting - head moves in opposite direction to which the body is tilted

postural support - when held upright , legs take the weight and the body may push up

lateral propping - when sitting the arms extend to one side to which the child falls as a saving mechanism

parachute - when suspended face down the baby’s arm extend as though to save itself

33
Q

what are the early locomotion patterns seen just before a child starts to walk

A

commando crawl
crawling on all four
bottom shuffling

34
Q

what are the newborn hearing tests ?

A

done within first weeks of life

otoacoustic emission - earphone produces a sound giving an echo from the ear if cochlear function is normal
:( not really a hearing test but cochlear function test
:9 flare positive if done the first 24 hours due to amniotic fluid and vernix

auditory brainstem response - computer analysis of electroencephalogram waveforms made in response to a series of auditory stimuli
:( affected by movement so baby needs to be asleep

35
Q

what are the hearing testing in 7-9 months

A

distraction testing - someone gives high and low frequency sound behind the baby out of the field of vision and their head turns or the react appropriately

need to be done by professional because impaired infants are adept at using non auditory cues

36
Q

what are the hearing testing in 10-18 months of age

A

visual reinforcement auditory - hearing thresholds areetsbalished with visual rewards

37
Q

what is the resp rate in stages of child development?

A 
preterm = 40-60
newborn = 30-50 
less than 1 years = 30-40
less than 2 years = 20-40 
less than 5 years = 25-30 
less than 12 years = 20-25 
more than 12 = 15-20
38
Q

what’s the heart rate in childs development ?

A 
preterm = 100-200 bpm
newborn to 1 years old  = 110-160 
less than 2 years = 100-150 
less than 5years = 95-40 
less than 12 yrs =80-120 
more tha  12 yrs = 60-100

pediatrics (19 decks)

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