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pediatrics > Prophylaxis (prevention) and immunizations in childhood. > Flashcards

Prophylaxis (prevention) and immunizations in childhood. Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of immunisation ?

A

passive immunisation = giving antibodies against microorganism given for acute prophylaxis
= patient do not produces memory b cells however immunity starts immediately

and active immunisation - involves giving antigenic material into the body

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2
Q

what are the type of active vaccines and examples of them

A 
live vaccines - vaccina virus and vanilla virus = eradicated smallpox vanilla virus 
------
live inactivated (attenuated) microorganism = 
polio (sabin)
hep a 
MMR , 
BCG 
varicella zooster , 
yellow fever 
rotavirus , 
influenza 
pertussis (bacteria)
typhoid (bacteria) 
tuberculosis (bacteria) 
most successful viral vaccines belongs in this group and the replication of the vaccine produces and immune response 
= important to store in cool condition 
---------

KILLED INACTIVATED VACCINE :

killed micro-organism  vaccines - 
bacteria :
typhoid , 
cholera , 
pertussis 
plague

virus
rabies
polio (salk) = preferred in immunocompromised
hep A

subcellular fractions :
surface antigen - hep b

polysaccharide capsules conjugated to protein carriers most effective for immature immune systems -
H influenza type B ,
strep -pneumococcal
neisseria meningitides - meningococcal

toxoids -
tetanus
diphtheria
= however can be a silent career and pass on diseases

recombinant vaccines
hep b

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3
Q

what is a toxoid

A

bacterial toxin modified to be non toxic but still capable of inducing an immune response

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4
Q

which type of vaccine have the best result ?

A

living vaccines have the best result the resulting immunity lasting decades

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5
Q

when does hypersensitivity reaction occur during vaccines ?

A

HYPERSENSTIVITY REACTIONS NEVER OCCUR THE FIRST TIME - when an allergen meet the immune system

in can occur the 2nf and third time administrating the SAME vaccine

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6
Q

what is a monovalent vaccine

A

vaccine against one organism

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7
Q

what is a polyvalent vaccine

A

vaccine against several organisms such as MMR , DTPa

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of a good vaccine

A

ability to ellicit an appropriate immune response

long term protection

safe - vaccine itself should not cause a disease

stabe - retain the immunogenicitydespite storage

inexpensive

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9
Q

what are the potential safety hazard in live attenuated vaccine ?

A

polio - revision to wild type especially type 2 and 3

BCG and measles - severe disease in immunodeficient

varicella rooster - persistant infection

measles - hypersensitivity

mutations of the virus

storage

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10
Q

what are the potential safety hazards in killed organisms ? and drawbacks

A

polio - not killed
contamination with animal viruses

pretusisi - contamination with endotoxin

weaker immune response so need boosters

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11
Q

what are some diseases where no viruses are present ?

A

HIV

hepres

adenovirus

rhinovirus

chalmydia

most fungi

staphylococci

group A strep

syphillus

candida

malaria

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12
Q

what are some of the drawbacks for subunit vaccines

A

identifying specific antigen takes time

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13
Q

in any live attenuated vaccines how many weeks should we atleast wait until the next vaccination can be administered ?

A

at-least 4 weeks

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14
Q

why do we need to wait 4 weeks until we give the next administration ?

A

the immune system needs to kill all the organism before more is injected which can cause an outbreak of the disease

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15
Q

live vaccinations are given through which route ?

A

subcutaneous

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16
Q

killed inactivated vaccines are given through which route ?

A

intramuscularly

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17
Q

certain vaccination are not given before the 11th month such as and why ?

A

MMR

because the maternal IgG in the child fights against it and therefore no immune reaction and no memory b cells and the vaccination is void

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18
Q

what is the MMR vaccine made out of ?

A

measles
mumps
rota virus

all of them live attenuated vaccine

19
Q

patients born after 1970 do not need which vaccination ?

A

MMR

20
Q

what is a contraindications for MMR vaccine ?

A

immunosuppression

allergy against chicken proteins - antigens of the vaccines are produced by viruses in eggs

21
Q

what is the DTaP - aP- HB- IPV-Hib vaccine

A 
diphtheria (toxoid) 
tetanus ( toxoid ) 
pertussis - acellular pertussis 
hep B - recombinant 
inactivated poliomyelitis 
conjugated homophilus influenza b
22
Q

when are the DTaP - aP- HB- IPV-Hib vaccine given ?

A

1) 2 months old - thigh
2) 3 months old
3) 4 months old
4) one year old - haemophilus influenza b
5) three years and four months old - DTaP/ IPV

6) fourteen years old - tetanus
diphtheria
polio

23
Q

when are the meningococcal vaccine given ?

A

1) 8 weeks old
meningococcal type b

2) 4 months old - type b
3) one year old - type b

4) fourteen years old
meningococcal goops A,C,W,Y

24
Q

when is the rotavirus vaccination given ?

A

1) 2 months old by mouth

3) 3 month old by mouth

25
Q

when is the pneumococcal virus given

A

1) 3 months old - 13 types
2) one year old
3) 65 years old - 23 serotypes

26
Q

when is the meningitis c vaccination given ?

A

1) one year old - men c and B

27
Q

when is the MMR vaccine given ?

A

after 11 months in uk 3 years and four months old

28
Q

when is the HPV vaccine given

A

age 13 years

29
Q

why are some people against vaccination ?

A

can cause anaphylactic shock rare but can happen

contains toxic substances such as aluminium

may cause autism especially MMR

30
Q

what is the meaning of live attenuated vaccine ?

A

virulence has been artificially reduced

replication of the vaccine produces the immune reaction similar to its wild type

31
Q

what is live recombinant vaccine ?

A

use of genetic engineering a gene coding for the immunogenic protein of an organism inserted into the genome expression vector such as coli or yeast - the protein made is the extracted and purified

32
Q

why are killed inactivated vaccines made ?

A

safe live vaccines cannot be developed

revision towards the wild type os common

33
Q

how are these organisms inactivated in killed vaccines ?

A

beta proiolactone

or formaldehyde

34
Q

what re the attributes of the killed vaccine ?

A

immune response is only antibody and n cell mediated immune response

multiple doses are needed

maybe enhanced by adding adjuvants into vaccine

however safe cannot replicate in the host to cause a disease
local reaction to site may occur

these vaccines also withsatsnt more adverse storage conditions

however they are expensive to prepare

35
Q

when is BCG vaccine given for children who have high risk for TB

A

It is best for your child to have the vaccine within a few days of being born and up to six months old, but they can be vaccinated any time up to five years of age.

36
Q

what are the adjuvants used in vaccines ?

A

aluminum hydroxide
- alhydrogel

aluminium phosphate

bordetella pertussis - with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids

37
Q

what pathogens do we have passive immunisation for

A 
diphtheria and tetanus 
varicella zoster 
rabies 
hep b 
hep A 
measles
38
Q

what are the targeted vaccines

A

BCG

hep B

rabies

meningitis , yellow fever , typhoid , cholera , hepatitis A

influenza

pneumococcal pneumonia

varicella rooster

39
Q

what are the BCG vaccine targeted population

A

tropics at birth

Uk - 10-14 years old

USA at risk oney

40
Q

hep b surface antigen target group vaccine ?

A

medical staff

drug addicts

male homosexuals

41
Q

killed rabies vaccination is given to which target population ?

A

animal workers

POST exposure - can be given to treat

42
Q

meningitis , yellow fever , typhoid , cholera , hep A vaccination are given to which targeted pop

A

travellers

43
Q

influenza killed virus / pneumococcal are given to which targeted population

A

at risk elderly

44
Q

varicella zoster attenuated vaccine re given to which targeted population

A

leukaemia children

pediatrics (19 decks)

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