Prophylaxis (prevention) and immunizations in childhood. Flashcards
what are the two types of immunisation ?
passive immunisation = giving antibodies against microorganism given for acute prophylaxis
= patient do not produces memory b cells however immunity starts immediately
and active immunisation - involves giving antigenic material into the body
what are the type of active vaccines and examples of them
live vaccines - vaccina virus and vanilla virus = eradicated smallpox vanilla virus ------ live inactivated (attenuated) microorganism = polio (sabin) hep a MMR , BCG varicella zooster , yellow fever rotavirus , influenza pertussis (bacteria) typhoid (bacteria) tuberculosis (bacteria) most successful viral vaccines belongs in this group and the replication of the vaccine produces and immune response = important to store in cool condition ---------
KILLED INACTIVATED VACCINE :
killed micro-organism vaccines - bacteria : typhoid , cholera , pertussis plague
virus
rabies
polio (salk) = preferred in immunocompromised
hep A
subcellular fractions :
surface antigen - hep b
polysaccharide capsules conjugated to protein carriers most effective for immature immune systems -
H influenza type B ,
strep -pneumococcal
neisseria meningitides - meningococcal
toxoids -
tetanus
diphtheria
= however can be a silent career and pass on diseases
recombinant vaccines
hep b
what is a toxoid
bacterial toxin modified to be non toxic but still capable of inducing an immune response
which type of vaccine have the best result ?
living vaccines have the best result the resulting immunity lasting decades
when does hypersensitivity reaction occur during vaccines ?
HYPERSENSTIVITY REACTIONS NEVER OCCUR THE FIRST TIME - when an allergen meet the immune system
in can occur the 2nf and third time administrating the SAME vaccine
what is a monovalent vaccine
vaccine against one organism
what is a polyvalent vaccine
vaccine against several organisms such as MMR , DTPa
what are the characteristics of a good vaccine
ability to ellicit an appropriate immune response
long term protection
safe - vaccine itself should not cause a disease
stabe - retain the immunogenicitydespite storage
inexpensive
what are the potential safety hazard in live attenuated vaccine ?
polio - revision to wild type especially type 2 and 3
BCG and measles - severe disease in immunodeficient
varicella rooster - persistant infection
measles - hypersensitivity
mutations of the virus
storage
what are the potential safety hazards in killed organisms ? and drawbacks
polio - not killed
contamination with animal viruses
pretusisi - contamination with endotoxin
weaker immune response so need boosters
what are some diseases where no viruses are present ?
HIV
hepres
adenovirus
rhinovirus
chalmydia
most fungi
staphylococci
group A strep
syphillus
candida
malaria
what are some of the drawbacks for subunit vaccines
identifying specific antigen takes time
in any live attenuated vaccines how many weeks should we atleast wait until the next vaccination can be administered ?
at-least 4 weeks
why do we need to wait 4 weeks until we give the next administration ?
the immune system needs to kill all the organism before more is injected which can cause an outbreak of the disease
live vaccinations are given through which route ?
subcutaneous
killed inactivated vaccines are given through which route ?
intramuscularly
certain vaccination are not given before the 11th month such as and why ?
MMR
because the maternal IgG in the child fights against it and therefore no immune reaction and no memory b cells and the vaccination is void
what is the MMR vaccine made out of ?
measles
mumps
rota virus
all of them live attenuated vaccine
patients born after 1970 do not need which vaccination ?
MMR
what is a contraindications for MMR vaccine ?
immunosuppression
allergy against chicken proteins - antigens of the vaccines are produced by viruses in eggs
what is the DTaP - aP- HB- IPV-Hib vaccine
diphtheria (toxoid) tetanus ( toxoid ) pertussis - acellular pertussis hep B - recombinant inactivated poliomyelitis conjugated homophilus influenza b
when are the DTaP - aP- HB- IPV-Hib vaccine given ?
1) 2 months old - thigh
2) 3 months old
3) 4 months old
4) one year old - haemophilus influenza b
5) three years and four months old - DTaP/ IPV
6) fourteen years old - tetanus
diphtheria
polio
when are the meningococcal vaccine given ?
1) 8 weeks old
meningococcal type b
2) 4 months old - type b
3) one year old - type b
4) fourteen years old
meningococcal goops A,C,W,Y
when is the rotavirus vaccination given ?
1) 2 months old by mouth
3) 3 month old by mouth
when is the pneumococcal virus given
1) 3 months old - 13 types
2) one year old
3) 65 years old - 23 serotypes
when is the meningitis c vaccination given ?
1) one year old - men c and B
when is the MMR vaccine given ?
after 11 months in uk 3 years and four months old
when is the HPV vaccine given
age 13 years
why are some people against vaccination ?
can cause anaphylactic shock rare but can happen
contains toxic substances such as aluminium
may cause autism especially MMR
what is the meaning of live attenuated vaccine ?
virulence has been artificially reduced
replication of the vaccine produces the immune reaction similar to its wild type
what is live recombinant vaccine ?
use of genetic engineering a gene coding for the immunogenic protein of an organism inserted into the genome expression vector such as coli or yeast - the protein made is the extracted and purified
why are killed inactivated vaccines made ?
safe live vaccines cannot be developed
revision towards the wild type os common
how are these organisms inactivated in killed vaccines ?
beta proiolactone
or formaldehyde
what re the attributes of the killed vaccine ?
immune response is only antibody and n cell mediated immune response
multiple doses are needed
maybe enhanced by adding adjuvants into vaccine
however safe cannot replicate in the host to cause a disease
local reaction to site may occur
these vaccines also withsatsnt more adverse storage conditions
however they are expensive to prepare
when is BCG vaccine given for children who have high risk for TB
It is best for your child to have the vaccine within a few days of being born and up to six months old, but they can be vaccinated any time up to five years of age.
what are the adjuvants used in vaccines ?
aluminum hydroxide
- alhydrogel
aluminium phosphate
bordetella pertussis - with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
what pathogens do we have passive immunisation for
diphtheria and tetanus varicella zoster rabies hep b hep A measles
what are the targeted vaccines
BCG
hep B
rabies
meningitis , yellow fever , typhoid , cholera , hepatitis A
influenza
pneumococcal pneumonia
varicella rooster
what are the BCG vaccine targeted population
tropics at birth
Uk - 10-14 years old
USA at risk oney
hep b surface antigen target group vaccine ?
medical staff
drug addicts
male homosexuals
killed rabies vaccination is given to which target population ?
animal workers
POST exposure - can be given to treat
meningitis , yellow fever , typhoid , cholera , hep A vaccination are given to which targeted pop
travellers
influenza killed virus / pneumococcal are given to which targeted population
at risk elderly
varicella zoster attenuated vaccine re given to which targeted population
leukaemia children
