stages of child development Flashcards
why is child development relevant for dental professionals
- helpless infant to independent adult
- positive dental experiences in childhood =reduced dental dear/anxiety in adulthood
- apply child development knowledge to understand what a child is thinking/felling emotionally or physically and their behaviour
- modify approach/language
what is considered normal from the mean
2 SD
age 6 months
1) Physical
- sit without support/can perhaps roll
- reach and grab a toy
- put objects in mouth
- fed themselves with fingers
- weaning
- from 12 months full fat milk can be introduced
2) emotional and social
- distressed when mother leaves
- increasing wariness to strangers
3) sensory
- turn towards noise
- visually very alert, follow activities
4) cognitive
- understand meaning of words
- start to understand objects
age 12-18 months
1) Physical
- walk alone, potentially running/climbing (with frequent falls)
- throw toys deliberately
2) emotional and social
- emotionally labial
- wary of strangers
- reassurance from familiar adults
3) sensory
- know and respond to own name
- enjoy watching TV (limited to 30 mins)
4) cognitive
- can help with routines
- understand simple instructions eg wave
24 months
1) Physical
- Walk up and down stairs
2) Emotional and social
- May play alongside other children
- Easily frustrated leading to tears/tantrums
3) Sensory
- Recognises themselves in photos
4) Cognitive
- Speaks > 200 words and understand many more (favourite word - no!), receptive language ahead of emotional
- Short attention span
- Likes to share songs and conversations
age 5
1) Physical
- Skip, hop, stand on one foot
- Ride a bike without stabilisers
- Use a knife and fork
2) Emotional and social
- Like to do things unaided
- Make-believe play but confuse fact with fiction
- Play with other children and make friends
- Help others when distressed
3) Cognitive
- Interested in reading/writing
- Likes jokes
what is cognitive development
development of thinkin
includes language and communication
Piaget theory
1) children think differently (but not less competently)
2) interested not in if children answered questions correctly, but how they reaches their answers
3) believed there were 4 discrete stages
4) paigent suggested there is a qualitative change in how children think as they progress through stages
scheme (units of knowledge)
system of action or mental representation that most people use to understand the world
assimulation
bringing new information into an existing body of knowledge
accommodation
- altering the body of knowledge to include new knowledge that is inconsistent with what is already known
equilibrium
- balance between applying previous new knowledge and accounting for new knowledge
4 stages of Piaet
sensorimotor
pre operaion
concrete operational
formal operation
sensorimotor stage
- birth to 2 yrs
- infants explore the world through senses and applying their developing motor skills
- object permanence, understanding object continue to exist when they cannot be seen
pre operational stage
- 2-7 yr
- rapid development of language
- egocentrism – others see the world as they do
- development of symbolism to make sense of the world eg brining two objects together is represented symbolically by addition (only able to do things in the real world, cannot manipulate things mentally)
