future prospects for cell and molecular therapy

Question 1

stem cells

Answer 1

undifferentiated cells which have the potential for self renewal and can give rise to one and sometimes many different cell types

Question 2

mutlipotent

Answer 2

form limitied no cell types

found in bone marrow

Question 3

pluripotent

Answer 3

any cell can be formed

Question 4

how can stem cells be taken from decidous teeth

Answer 4

stem cells found in priamry cells that have fallen out
can be stored in the lab and used for other conditions
mutipotent

Question 5

dental applications for dentla stem cells

Answer 5

1) Growing teeth?
2) repair/regernation of dental tissues
- regenerate pulp/PDL
- clinical trials ongoing
3) Craniomaxillofacial bone repair
- DPSC and craniofacial osteoblasts both derived from neural crest cells

Question 6

cell types that can be deribed from dental stem cells

Answer 6

cementoblast
adipocyte
odontoblast
neuronal cells
myoblast
chondrocyte
pulp cells
hepatocyte
endothelial cells
osteoblast
melanocyte

Question 7

probelms with stem cells

Answer 7

1) Rejection/immune reaction
2) legal and ethical and political
- embryonic stem cells and human cloning
3) adult stem cells difficult to isolate and purify
- low numbers found in tissues
4) maybe the cells that produce cancer
- most serious cancers are undifferentiated

Question 8

tissue engineegin

Answer 8

reproduce/replace/implant a piecer of lab grown tissue that is as similar as possible to damage tissue

Question 9

what is requried for oral regenerative medicien

Answer 9

cells
scaffold ie cells grow o this
signals eg growth factor

Question 10

gene thearpy

Answer 10

Technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development

Question 11

steps for gene therapry

Answer 11

• normal gene inserted into genome to replace defective one
• Vectors deliver gene to patients target cells
• vectors are commonly viruses (retro, adeno or adeno associated)

Question 12

salivary gland gene therapry

Answer 12

Encapsulated and accessible

• no risk it going else where in the body
• stable cell population which export large amounts of proteins
• can be removed if there is a problem
• sjogrens syndrome/radiation damage could be repaird
• could be used for systemic condiditons

Question 13

problems with gene theapry

Answer 13

1) immune response/virus vectors
2) gene therapy causes cancer: leukaemia in 2 children treated
3) mutli gene disorders, most cancers not well suited to gene therapy, most disease are not a single gene mutation
4) sort lived – integration of DNA into genome, rapidly dividing cells
5) ethics and regulation – germ cell therapy

Question 14

gene editing

Answer 14

Precisely and efficiently modify DNA within a cell

Question 15

genome editing tools have two features

Answer 15

1) recognise specific DNA sequences

2) Cut DNA (nuclease)

Question 16

what can gene editing do

Answer 16

change the characteristics of a cell/organism

promise of permanent repaid of underlying disease causing mechanisms

Question 17

CRISPR-Cas 9

Answer 17

used for putting in/taking out gene
CRISPR recognises the gene
Cas 9 cuts it out

Question 18

gene edititng in embroyso

Answer 18

single gene defect can be corrected in an embyro

Question 19

challangs in gene editing

Answer 19

• technology still in relatively early stage and needs to be further developed
• can enough cells can be edited to have therapeutic impact
• will editing be exquisitely specific, or will other regions of the gnome aside from the target be affected
• designer babies

Question 20

screening/diagnosis

Answer 20

microarray analysis - gene chips

expression of genes can be anased

Question 21

what does screening allow

Answer 21

identify patients with

• disease (before symptoms)
• risks of recurrence
• responders to therapy
• customise treatment