intro to neoplasia Flashcards
neoplasm
abnormal mass of tissue
- growth of which is excessive
- and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues (tissues have escaped normal tissue growth)
- and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed
malignant neoplsma
invades
grows actively into the tissue
benigin
separated from the tissue
invasion
unconfined growth into CT (feature of malignancy)
- grows into other structures
metastasis
spread distant from primary tumour
cytology
features of individual cells
differentiation
extent of resemblance of tumour cells/tissue to normal cells/tissue
classifications of neoplasma
clinical behabior
histogensis
clinical behaviour neoplasms
benigin
malignant
histogenesis classifications of neoplasma
tissue of origin
epithelial (lining or glandular)
mesenchymal types
benign tissue features
Growth patther - expansion - encapsulated, localised slow growth resembles tissue of origin uniform shape/size few mitoses clinical effects - localised, local pressure, excision cures
malignant features
invasion, no capsule, metastasis rapid variable growth cellular and nucelar pleomoprhism many mitoses infiltration and spreads, excision may not cure variable resemblance to original tissue
encapsulated meaning
- band of fibrous connective tissue that separated the neoplasm from the surrounding tissue
components of bengn tuours
stroma (supporting cT)
capsule
tumour cells
effects of benign tumoris
pressure obstruction function e.g. hormone secretion
EFFect may not always be benign e.g. brain tumour r
components of malignant tumours
tumour ells invade underlying tissues no capsule cytolocially abrnoaml stroma - angiogenesis (own blood supply) - immune repsonce
cytology of malignant tumours
- variation in cell shape and size
- variation in nuclear shape and size
- odd mitoses
- altered differentiation
naming epithelial tissues with tumours - benign and malignant
1) Benign origin Lining epithelium - papilloma Glandular epithelium origin - adenoma 2) Malignant Lining - carcinoma Glandular - Adenocarcinoma 3) Mesenchymal Benign depends on tissue eg fibroma, osteoma, lipoma, myoma, chondroma
Malignant
Sarcoma
eg osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
odd names for tissues
melanoma
- melanocytes (malignant)
- lymphoma
- leukaemia (bone marrow, precursors)
- Teratoma (germ cell tumours, most in testes most malignant, ovaria tend to be benign) – can mimic any tissue
carcinogens of benign
unknown why they arise
may be inherited
carcinogens of malignant
inherited factros
environmental facors
chemical/physical factors
viruses
what is the DNA of malignant tumour based off
abnormalities of DNA of cell
carginogen
causes genetic change
genetic change increases susceptibility to generating further genetic changes
inherited factors for cancer
single mutant genes
familial cancer
defective DNA reapir
single mutant genes
- create a large increase in susceptibility to gaining cancer
- often tumour suppressor genes
- cell cycle control does not work
familial cancer
- family clusters
- gene and pattern of inheritance not clear
- breast, ovary, colon
- gives an increased inherited risk
defective DNA repair
increased sensitivity to carcinogens and general increased cancer risk
