intro to neoplasia

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

abnormal mass of tissue

• growth of which is excessive
• and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues (tissues have escaped normal tissue growth)
• and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed

Question 2

malignant neoplsma

Answer 2

invades

grows actively into the tissue

Question 3

benigin

Answer 3

separated from the tissue

Question 4

invasion

Answer 4

unconfined growth into CT (feature of malignancy)

- grows into other structures

Question 5

metastasis

Answer 5

spread distant from primary tumour

Question 6

cytology

Answer 6

features of individual cells

Question 7

differentiation

Answer 7

extent of resemblance of tumour cells/tissue to normal cells/tissue

Question 8

classifications of neoplasma

Answer 8

clinical behabior

histogensis

Question 9

clinical behaviour neoplasms

Answer 9

benigin

malignant

Question 10

histogenesis classifications of neoplasma

Answer 10

tissue of origin
epithelial (lining or glandular)
mesenchymal types

Question 11

benign tissue features

Answer 11

Growth patther
- expansion
- encapsulated, localised
slow growth 
resembles tissue of origin 
uniform shape/size
few mitoses
clinical effects
- localised, local pressure, excision cures

Question 12

malignant features

Answer 12

invasion, no capsule, metastasis
rapid variable growth
cellular and nucelar pleomoprhism
many mitoses
infiltration and spreads, excision may not cure
variable resemblance to original tissue

Question 13

encapsulated meaning

Answer 13

• band of fibrous connective tissue that separated the neoplasm from the surrounding tissue

Question 14

components of bengn tuours

Answer 14

stroma (supporting cT)
capsule
tumour cells

Question 15

effects of benign tumoris

Answer 15

pressure
obstruction
function e.g. hormone secretion

EFFect may not always be benign e.g. brain tumour r

Question 16

components of malignant tumours

Answer 16

tumour ells invade underlying tissues 
no capsule
cytolocially abrnoaml 
stroma
- angiogenesis (own blood supply) 
- immune repsonce

Question 17

cytology of malignant tumours

Answer 17

• variation in cell shape and size
• variation in nuclear shape and size
• odd mitoses
• altered differentiation

Question 18

naming epithelial tissues with tumours - benign and malignant

Answer 18

1)	Benign origin
Lining epithelium
-	papilloma
Glandular epithelium origin
-	adenoma
2)	Malignant
Lining
-	carcinoma
Glandular
-	Adenocarcinoma
3) Mesenchymal
Benign
depends on tissue
eg fibroma, osteoma, lipoma, myoma, chondroma

Malignant
Sarcoma
eg osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma

Question 19

odd names for tissues

Answer 19

melanoma

• melanocytes (malignant)
• lymphoma
• leukaemia (bone marrow, precursors)
• Teratoma (germ cell tumours, most in testes most malignant, ovaria tend to be benign) – can mimic any tissue

Question 20

carcinogens of benign

Answer 20

unknown why they arise

may be inherited

Question 21

carcinogens of malignant

Answer 21

inherited factros
environmental facors
chemical/physical factors
viruses

Question 22

what is the DNA of malignant tumour based off

Answer 22

abnormalities of DNA of cell

Question 23

carginogen

Answer 23

causes genetic change

genetic change increases susceptibility to generating further genetic changes

Question 24

inherited factors for cancer

Answer 24

single mutant genes
familial cancer
defective DNA reapir

Question 25

single mutant genes

Answer 25

• create a large increase in susceptibility to gaining cancer
• often tumour suppressor genes
• cell cycle control does not work

Question 26

familial cancer

Answer 26

• family clusters
• gene and pattern of inheritance not clear
• breast, ovary, colon
• gives an increased inherited risk

Question 27

defective DNA repair

Answer 27

increased sensitivity to carcinogens and general increased cancer risk