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GDAN year 2 G&D with some aging > Mechanisms of early normal growth of the craniofacial skeleton > Flashcards

Mechanisms of early normal growth of the craniofacial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

isometric growth

A
  • implies progressive proportional increase in all organs and systems with time
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2
Q

allometric growth -

A

describes the differences in the relative rates of growth between one part of the body and another

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3
Q

how is allometric growth shown

A

changes of body promotion between foetuses neonates and children and adults

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4
Q

what is the skull posterior to the coronal suture derived from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

bone anterior to coronal suture derived

A

ectomesenchyme

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6
Q

where is ectomesenchyme from

A

neural crest

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7
Q

how does bone formation start (with both types)

A

coalescent of mesodermal or ectomeenchymal cells into dense groups/cluster
(condensation)

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8
Q

what happens after bone condenstiaotn

A

condensed cells differentiate into chonroblsts

- these from cartilaginous templates of bone§

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9
Q

what happens after bone templates (cartilaginous) are formed

A

cartilage replaced by bone (endochonral ossification ECO)
or
bone may be formed directly in the condensation by intramembranus ossification (IMO)

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10
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • cartilage is then eventually replaced by bone
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11
Q

intramembranous ossification (IMO)

A
  • the bone may be formed directly in the condensation
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12
Q

how do most organs grow

A

interstitial growth

by cell division and matrix proliferation through out their structure

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13
Q

what prevents interstitial growth

A

mineralised matrix of bone

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14
Q

how does bone gro

A

addition of new material onto existing surfaces

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15
Q

addition of new material onto existing surfaces name

A

appositional growth

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16
Q

what can grow by interdigital growh

A

cartilage

and then convert to bone as it does not have the same mineral matrix

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17
Q

which bone developing path doesnt have the limitations of interstitial growth

A

endocochonral ossifiation

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18
Q

what is adult size and proportion of bone affected by

A

surface deposition

respotion

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19
Q

growth sites

A

surfaces or cartilages where large amounts of growth take place

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20
Q

what happens during growth periods

A

almost all internal and external bone surfaces undergo remodelling

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21
Q

factor which cause growth of craniofacial skeleton

A

hormonal
nutritional influences
genetic
socioeconomic

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22
Q

local effects which cause growth of craniofacial skeleton

A

growth pttern
capsular matricies
periosteal matricies

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23
Q

type of growth pattersn

A

somatic (facial skeleton follows this)

neural (cranial vault)

24
Q

capsular matricies

A

enclosed tissues

growth of adjacent bones follows the growth of tissues they enclose

25
periosteal matrices
muscle attachments | teeth
26
proportion of skull at brith
skull is proportionally large | facial skeleton mall
27
what is smallness of face at birth due to
rudimentary stage of development of md and mx (as teeth are unerupted)
28
what does large size of calvaria reflect
early cerebral maturation | - brain is developing during utero so therefore needs to be fairly large
29
areas that ossification is incomplete are called
fontanel | - soft areas
30
what are fontanel areas needed fro
so there can be an overlap of bones during birth | - easing passage through birth canal
31
what happens to after fontanel after birth
filled with bone
32
most growth post natal growth of skull occurs
facial skeleton
33
how is the cranial base formed
Cartilage is laid down and then replaced by bone The cartilaginous precursors of the cranial base appear before other elements of the skull The bones of the cranial base are formed by the ECO - in between the bones of the cranial base are cartilaginous joints (remnants of the precursors) – synchondroses - Growth can occur at these sights
34
what are synchondroses
between the bones of the cranial base are cartilaginous joints (remnants of the precursors
35
where is the most important site of growth in the cranium
sphenoid occipital synchondrosis
36
what does elongation of the cranial base allow for
room for elongation of the maxillae to accommodate 2nd and 3rd molars
37
how are bones of the cranial vault formed
IMO - growth of the vault follows the neural growth pattern of the enclosed brain which is rapid prenatally - Growth is till rapid in the first then slower until the 7th year in the first year grows primarily by appositional hrowt
38
fontanelles
- gradually closed by the ossification of bones around them - Bones meet but do not fuse - they remain separated by fibrous joints or sutures, which are essential growth sits in the immature skull - sutures will fuse in maturity
39
when do sutures fuse
in maturity
40
how are facial bones formed
imo
41
how is orbital and upper nasal growth achievers
deposition of sutures
42
how is the maxilla formed
carried down and forwards by expansion of the orbits and nasal septum by sutural growth
43
how many frontal bone adult vs children
adult have 1 | children there are 2 fused by a frontal suture
44
growth vectors adult vs children
adults mainly forward | children mainly downwards
45
how does the maxilla grow
deposition on inner aspect of alveolar etch respotion on outer suggest posterior growth - rapid bone deposition around maxilla tuberosities results in maxillary complex being translocated forwards (growth and translocation)
46
how is the mandible formed embroyinically
IMO | Ossificcation occurs around mental insivive and inferior alveolar nerves (in md canal)
47
steps of mandible formation in embryo
- ramus is formed by rapid backward spread of ossification - secondary cartilages appear in the mandible, form secondary to the bone (they are not primary cartilages as these are formed in the pharyngeal arches) - secondary cartilages are growth sites, producing bone by ECO
48
where is the main site of deposition in the mandible
condylar cartialge - active throughout growth period to maturity - as cartilages grows it is replaced inferiorly to bone - narrow zone of growth cartilage persists beneath the articular surface of the condylar head
49
what is not present at birth in md
alveolar process
50
steps of md formation after birth and teeth
1) dentition enables infant to chew food 2) stimulates development of muscles of mastication 3) increases size of their attachment sites to mandible 4) angle of mandible must be altered so that occlusal surfaces of upper and lower teeth are parallel 5) The position of the TMJ is altered by growth in the lateral cranial base (mandibular/glenoid fossae) i.e. as the shape of the skull changes the TMJ needs to alter with this by… 6) selective resorption and deposition in the ramus adjusts the position of the condyalr head 7) growth at the condylar cartilages elongates the rami of the mandible 8) length of the ramus and the body is also increased by bone deposition along the posterior border of the ramus (resorption along the anterior border) 9) increase in length accommodates eruption of the permanent dentition
51
what can soft tissues do
mask or enhance tissue changes
52
average growth of nose
1.1/3mm
53
lips growth
lower are than upper | - upper lip shows rapid increase in length @1-3 yrs, slows 3-6 then increases up to 15 years
54
what is proportional in lip size
thickness at vermillion border proportional to increase at lip length
55
chin
increased protection in males during growth | md growth rather than soft tissue change
56
what accommodates eruption of permanent dentition
lengthen of maxilla
57
why does the md grwo
accomodate perimament maintain aloghtment of TMJ keep upper and lower teeth aligned

GDAN year 2 G&D with some aging (27 decks)

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