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GDAN year 2 G&D with some aging > Mechanisms of early normal growth of the craniofacial skeleton > Flashcards

Mechanisms of early normal growth of the craniofacial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

isometric growth

A
  • implies progressive proportional increase in all organs and systems with time
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2
Q

allometric growth -

A

describes the differences in the relative rates of growth between one part of the body and another

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3
Q

how is allometric growth shown

A

changes of body promotion between foetuses neonates and children and adults

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4
Q

what is the skull posterior to the coronal suture derived from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

bone anterior to coronal suture derived

A

ectomesenchyme

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6
Q

where is ectomesenchyme from

A

neural crest

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7
Q

how does bone formation start (with both types)

A

coalescent of mesodermal or ectomeenchymal cells into dense groups/cluster
(condensation)

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8
Q

what happens after bone condenstiaotn

A

condensed cells differentiate into chonroblsts

- these from cartilaginous templates of bone§

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9
Q

what happens after bone templates (cartilaginous) are formed

A

cartilage replaced by bone (endochonral ossification ECO)
or
bone may be formed directly in the condensation by intramembranus ossification (IMO)

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10
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • cartilage is then eventually replaced by bone
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11
Q

intramembranous ossification (IMO)

A
  • the bone may be formed directly in the condensation
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12
Q

how do most organs grow

A

interstitial growth

by cell division and matrix proliferation through out their structure

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13
Q

what prevents interstitial growth

A

mineralised matrix of bone

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14
Q

how does bone gro

A

addition of new material onto existing surfaces

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15
Q

addition of new material onto existing surfaces name

A

appositional growth

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16
Q

what can grow by interdigital growh

A

cartilage

and then convert to bone as it does not have the same mineral matrix

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17
Q

which bone developing path doesnt have the limitations of interstitial growth

A

endocochonral ossifiation

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18
Q

what is adult size and proportion of bone affected by

A

surface deposition

respotion

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19
Q

growth sites

A

surfaces or cartilages where large amounts of growth take place

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20
Q

what happens during growth periods

A

almost all internal and external bone surfaces undergo remodelling

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21
Q

factor which cause growth of craniofacial skeleton

A

hormonal
nutritional influences
genetic
socioeconomic

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22
Q

local effects which cause growth of craniofacial skeleton

A

growth pttern
capsular matricies
periosteal matricies

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23
Q

type of growth pattersn

A

somatic (facial skeleton follows this)

neural (cranial vault)

24
Q

capsular matricies

A

enclosed tissues

growth of adjacent bones follows the growth of tissues they enclose

25
Q

periosteal matrices

A

muscle attachments

teeth

26
Q

proportion of skull at brith

A

skull is proportionally large

facial skeleton mall

27
Q

what is smallness of face at birth due to

A

rudimentary stage of development of md and mx (as teeth are unerupted)

28
Q

what does large size of calvaria reflect

A

early cerebral maturation

- brain is developing during utero so therefore needs to be fairly large

29
Q

areas that ossification is incomplete are called

A

fontanel

- soft areas

30
Q

what are fontanel areas needed fro

A

so there can be an overlap of bones during birth

- easing passage through birth canal

31
Q

what happens to after fontanel after birth

A

filled with bone

32
Q

most growth post natal growth of skull occurs

A

facial skeleton

33
Q

how is the cranial base formed

A

Cartilage is laid down and then replaced by bone
The cartilaginous precursors of the cranial base appear before other elements of the skull
The bones of the cranial base are formed by the ECO
- in between the bones of the cranial base are cartilaginous joints (remnants of the precursors) – synchondroses
- Growth can occur at these sights

34
Q

what are synchondroses

A

between the bones of the cranial base are cartilaginous joints (remnants of the precursors

35
Q

where is the most important site of growth in the cranium

A

sphenoid occipital synchondrosis

36
Q

what does elongation of the cranial base allow for

A

room for elongation of the maxillae to accommodate 2nd and 3rd molars

37
Q

how are bones of the cranial vault formed

A

IMO
- growth of the vault follows the neural growth pattern of the enclosed brain which is rapid prenatally
- Growth is till rapid in the first then slower until the 7th year
in the first year grows primarily by appositional hrowt

38
Q

fontanelles

A
  • gradually closed by the ossification of bones around them
  • Bones meet but do not fuse
  • they remain separated by fibrous joints or sutures, which are essential growth sits in the immature skull
  • sutures will fuse in maturity
39
Q

when do sutures fuse

A

in maturity

40
Q

how are facial bones formed

A

imo

41
Q

how is orbital and upper nasal growth achievers

A

deposition of sutures

42
Q

how is the maxilla formed

A

carried down and forwards by expansion of the orbits and nasal septum by sutural growth

43
Q

how many frontal bone adult vs children

A

adult have 1

children there are 2 fused by a frontal suture

44
Q

growth vectors adult vs children

A

adults mainly forward

children mainly downwards

45
Q

how does the maxilla grow

A

deposition on inner aspect of alveolar etch
respotion on outer
suggest posterior growth
- rapid bone deposition around maxilla tuberosities results in maxillary complex being translocated forwards
(growth and translocation)

46
Q

how is the mandible formed embroyinically

A

IMO

Ossificcation occurs around mental insivive and inferior alveolar nerves (in md canal)

47
Q

steps of mandible formation in embryo

A
  • ramus is formed by rapid backward spread of ossification
  • secondary cartilages appear in the mandible, form secondary to the bone (they are not primary cartilages as these are formed in the pharyngeal arches)
  • secondary cartilages are growth sites, producing bone by ECO
48
Q

where is the main site of deposition in the mandible

A

condylar cartialge

  • active throughout growth period to maturity
  • as cartilages grows it is replaced inferiorly to bone
  • narrow zone of growth cartilage persists beneath the articular surface of the condylar head
49
Q

what is not present at birth in md

A

alveolar process

50
Q

steps of md formation after birth and teeth

A

1) dentition enables infant to chew food
2) stimulates development of muscles of mastication
3) increases size of their attachment sites to mandible
4) angle of mandible must be altered so that occlusal surfaces of upper and lower teeth are parallel
5) The position of the TMJ is altered by growth in the lateral cranial base (mandibular/glenoid fossae) i.e. as the shape of the skull changes the TMJ needs to alter with this by…
6) selective resorption and deposition in the ramus adjusts the position of the condyalr head
7) growth at the condylar cartilages elongates the rami of the mandible
8) length of the ramus and the body is also increased by bone deposition along the posterior border of the ramus (resorption along the anterior border)
9) increase in length accommodates eruption of the permanent dentition

51
Q

what can soft tissues do

A

mask or enhance tissue changes

52
Q

average growth of nose

A

1.1/3mm

53
Q

lips growth

A

lower are than upper

- upper lip shows rapid increase in length @1-3 yrs, slows 3-6 then increases up to 15 years

54
Q

what is proportional in lip size

A

thickness at vermillion border proportional to increase at lip length

55
Q

chin

A

increased protection in males during growth

md growth rather than soft tissue change

56
Q

what accommodates eruption of permanent dentition

A

lengthen of maxilla

57
Q

why does the md grwo

A

accomodate perimament
maintain aloghtment of TMJ
keep upper and lower teeth aligned

GDAN year 2 G&D with some aging (27 decks)

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