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UTT > Stagecraft II: Lighting & Sound > Flashcards

Stagecraft II: Lighting & Sound Flashcards

1
Q

What is electrical generation?

A

Electrical generation is the process of creating electricity from forms of energy.

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2
Q

What are the natural forms of energy

A

Water, wind, sun, heat from the earth, biomass from plants

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3
Q

Name some ways energy can be transmitted into electrical energy

A

Static electricity, electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry, photoelectric effect, thermoelectric effect

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4
Q

Explain static electricity

A

Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric effect and
lightning)

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5
Q

Explain electromagnetic induction

A

Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity.

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6
Q

Explain electrochemistry

A

Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse

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7
Q

Explain photoelectric effect

A

Photoelectric effect, is the transformation of light into electrical energy

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8
Q

Explain thermoelectric effect

A

Thermoelectric effect, direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity

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9
Q

Electricity is most often generated where by what ?

A

At power stations by electrochemical generators which can be seen around the world

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10
Q

Explain the distribution method

A

Power plant generates electricity –> transformer steps up footage of the transmission –> transmission lines carry electricity long distances –> neighborhood transformer steps down voltage –> distribution lines carry electricity to houses –> transformers unpause step down electricity before it enters houses

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11
Q

What is the electrical path

A
  • The power supply
  • The circuit
  • The device
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12
Q

Explain the three components of basic electricity circuit

A
  • A source of electricity: The different
    forms as we discussed in Slide #2 Wind
    Water, solar etc.
  • A load: As simple as a light bulb, an
    Electrical motor.
  • An electrical path: As seen in the line
    drawing in the file “Electrical Theory”
    pg. 13.
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13
Q

The National Electrical Code (NEC) stipulates that the only electrical cables approved for
temporary stage wiring are….

A

Types S, SO, ST, and STO

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14
Q

S and SO cables are more commonly used than ST and STO, because

A

their thick rubber jacket can withstand more physical abuse than the thin, heat-resistant thermoplastic insulation of the ST and STO cable. Type S cable is generally used for stage lighting, because SO costs more and its only advantage is that it is impervious to oil
and gasoline.

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15
Q

What are the suggested ways to keep cables and connectors in good operating condition

A
  1. When a cable is not in use, coil it and hang it on the wall of the lighting storage room.
  2. Check cables and connectors periodically, and replace any items that show signs of cracking, chipping, or other deterioration.
  3. Always disconnect a plug by pulling on the body of the connector, not the cable.
  4. Keep the connectors clean. Remove any corrosion, paint, grease, or other as soon as they become evident.
  5. All elements of a cable should be of the same electrical rating; for example, 12-gauge (AWG) cable (capable of carrying 20 amperes of current) should have only 20-ampere-rated connectors, and so forth.
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16
Q

What is the best type of stage connector

A

Twist-lock connectors

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17
Q

Pin connectors are probably more widely used than twist-lock connectors. Why?

A

primarily because they have been in existence for so long.

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18
Q

Pin connectors have what three disadvantages

A

(1) They can be easily disconnected by accident; (2) the pins of the plug do not always make a good electrical connection with the receptacle; and (3) if the cable is connected to a live power source, it is very easy to be shocked, because the metal conductors in the receptacle are not deeply recessed.

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19
Q

What is used to connect two instruments to the same circuit?

A

two-fer

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20
Q

What is a two-fer

A

An electrical Y that has female receptacles at the top of the Y and a male plug at the bottom leg of the Y; used to connect two instruments to the same circuit.

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21
Q

Explain the U-Ground Plug and connector

A

Also known as the Edison plug “Parallel Blade” in the USA, it is found within the domestic, commercial, and Theatrical environment. It is mainly found on most appliances at home in current carrying capacities of 15A and 20A

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22
Q

What does ‘A’ stand for in electricity

A

“A” stands for Ampere “The measurement of Current”

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23
Q

Explain the Stage pin plug and connector

A

This plug is exclusively used in the Theatre. It comes in different amperage rating i.e. 15A, 20A, 50A, and 100A.

24
Q

Explain the Twist lock Plug and connector

A

This is another plug that is used in the Theater and in some Commercial/Industrial establishments. They also come in varying amperages

25
Q

Explain the Round Pin plugs and connectors

A

Mostly found in England and European regions. In the early Theatres in Trinidad e.g. “Queen’s Hall” and the “Little Carib Theatre”, these plugs and connectors were installed in the rig and were also found on extension cables

26
Q

Explain the CEE form Plugs and Connector

A

used in the European regional Theatres, also domestic and industrial. CEE form are rated a bit differently, they come in
13A, 16A, 32A, 63A and higher. These amperages are not common in this part of the world.

27
Q

Explain the Powercon Plugs and Connectors

A

A locking-type connector similar to the twist lock concept. They do not come in large amperage capabilities, so are mostly found on consoles both audio
and lighting and associated equipment.

28
Q

Explain the Camloc Power Connectors

A

These connectors are mostly used for power distribution applications, e.g. Lighting dimmer systems and Audio amplifier systems and anywhere in the industry where high power is used.

29
Q

Explain the DMX 3& 5 pin cable and connectors

A

These cables and connectors are used to connect entire Lighting systems
using the DMX protocol.

30
Q

Explain the CAT5 Cable

A

found in most digital environments, in relation to the lighting industry these
cables are used to transmit digital information over lighting networks

31
Q

What is the atom

A

the smallest particle of a chemical element that retains the structural properties of that element. The atom is the smallest complete building block in
nature

32
Q

What are the subatomic particles of an atom

A

Electrons protons and neutrons

33
Q

What are the charges of each subatomic particle

A

the proton has a positive charge, the neutron a neutral charge, and the electron a negative charge

34
Q

What are the two types of current

A

Direct an alternating

35
Q

What is direct currentb

A

the electron flow is in one direction only. The battery demonstration
discussed in the previous section exemplifies direct current. The current flow is always from the negative terminal of a battery to its positive terminal. All batteries are examples of direct-current sources.

36
Q

What is alternating-current

A

the overwhelming majority of electrical power generated by power stations throughout the world is alternating current (AC). The electron flow in AC is the same as in DC with one exception: The current flow periodically changes polarity, which causes the electron flow tochange direction.

37
Q

What are the electrical circuits

A

Two primary types of circuits, series and parallel, are used to distribute electricity. A third type, known as a combination circuit, combines the principles of the two.

38
Q

What is a series circuit

A

all of the electricity flows through every element of the circuit

39
Q

What is a parallel circuit

A

only a portion of the electricity flows through each of the branches of the circuit

40
Q

Why is sound essential

A

Communication, alerts and notifications safety, entertainment

41
Q

What makes good sound in the theatre

A

CLARITY
BALANCE
INTELLIGIBILITY
AUDIBILITY
FIDELITY
ACOUSTICS

42
Q

What makes bad sound in the theatre

A

LACK OF CLARITY - DISTORTION
IMBALANCE - Too Loud or Too Soft
INAUDIBLE
UN-INTELLIGIBLE - Confusion
TECHNICAL DISTURBANCES -
Speaker feedback!
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES –
AC Noise, Generator Noise

43
Q

What is sound

A

a form of energy produced by an object’s vibration, causing molecules in the medium to travel or vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the wave

44
Q

What does a sound wave do

A

Waves transfer energy from one
place to another through a series
of disturbances or vibrations that
carry energy.

45
Q

Three Things vibrate in Sound:

A

Source object, molecules in the air, eardrum

46
Q

What are the properties of sound

A

Amplitude (loudness), wavelength, frequency (pitch), speed

47
Q

Explain amplitude

A

a measure of how loud or soft a sound is

48
Q

What is dB and what is it

A

Decibel, a unit measuring the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal

49
Q

Explain wavelength

A

the measure of a wave cycle, how short or long is the wave

50
Q

Explain frequency

A

A measurement of how many sound waves pass through per second. Measure in hertz (hz)

51
Q

Explain the speed of sound

A

refers to how fast a sound wave is passed from particle to particle through a medium

52
Q

What is acoustics

A

a study of how sound behaves in
different environments

53
Q

Explain reflection, absorption and diffraction

A

Soft materials like carpets or curtains
can absorb sound, while hard surfaces
like walls or glass reflect sound. Diffraction is the spreading out of waves as they pass through an aperture or around objects.

54
Q

Explain phase

A

INTERFERENCE OF SOUND WAVES
* When two or more sound waves from different
sources are present at the same time, they interact
with each other to produce a new wave.
* Wave interaction is called interference.

55
Q

What are the two types of interference (explain)

A

IN-PHASE / Constructive interference:
When two sound waves line up, they strengthen each other
and create a wave with a higher intensity.

OUT-OF-PHASE / Destructive interference:
When two sound waves line up, their interaction creates a
wave with a dampened or lower intensity - called Phase
Cancelation

UTT (11 decks)

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