Stage Models: Cognitive, Personality, Moral Flashcards
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory of Cognitive Development…
Name the Stages.
- Sensorimotor (birth - 2 y/o)
- Preoperational (2-7 y/o)
- Concrete Operational (7-12 y/o)
- Formal Operational (12 y/o - adult)
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 y/o)
Major accomplishments include the development of object permanence and representational (symbolic thought). Circular reactions (i.e., reproduction of actions) also occur during this stage.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 y/o)
Often described in terms of limitations: transductive (precausal) reasoning; egocentrism; magical thinking; animism; lack of conservation due to centration and irreversibility.
Children engage in more sophisticated pretend play in this stage.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 y/o)
Children use logical operations; development of conservation (involving decentration and reversibility).
Formal Operational Stage (12 y/o - adulthood)
Children engage in hypothetical deductive reasoning and propositional thought.
Renewed egocentrism occurs at the beginning of the stage involving imaginary audience and personal fable.
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
- Oral (birth - 1 y/o)
- Anal (1-3 y/o)
- Phallic (3-6 y/o)
- Latency (6-12 y/o)
- Genital (Adolescence)
Oral Stage (birth - 1 y/o)
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Focus: Sucking, feeding, exploring the world through the mouth
Potential Fixation: Issues with dependency, oral habits like nail biting or smoking if not properly weaned
Phallic Stage (3-6 y/o)
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Focus: Oedipus complex (boys desiring mother, fearing father) and Electra complex (girls desiring father, envying mother)
Potential Fixation: Sexual anxieties, difficulties with relationships
Anal Stage (1-3 y/o)
Erogenous Zone: Anus
Focus: Toilet training, gaining control over bodily functions
Potential Fixation: Excessive orderliness or messiness depending on toilet training experiences
Latency Stage (6-12 y/o)
Key aspect: A period of relative calm with no dominant erogenous zone
Focus: Sexual desires are repressed, focus on social and intellectual development
Genital Stage (adolescence-adulthood)
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Focus: Mature sexual relationships, establishing intimacy
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
- Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1 y/o)
- Autonomy v. Shame / Doubt (1-3 y/o)
- Initiative v. Guilt (3-6 y/o)
- Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 y/o)
- Identity v. Role Confusion (adolesc.)
- Intimacy v. Isolation (young adult.)
- Generativity v. Stagnation (mid adult)
- Integrity v. Despair (late adult.)
Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1 y/o)
The infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
Virtue: Hope
Autonomy v. Shame / Doubt (1-3 y/o)
Children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
Virtue: Will
Initiative v. Guilt (3-6 y/o)
Children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.
Virtue: Purpose
Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 y/o)
Children start to compare themselves with their peers to gauge their abilities and worth.
Virtue: Competence
Identity v. Role Confusion (adolesc.)
Adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
Virtue: Fidelity
Intimacy v. Isolation (young adult.)
During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.
Virtue: Love
Generativity v. Stagnation (mid adult)
During this stage, individuals focus more on building our lives, primarily through our careers, families, and contributions to society.
Virtue: Care
Integrity v. Despair (late adult.)
It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.
Virtue: Wisdom
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
- Preconventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Postconventional Morality
Preconventional Morality
(a) punishment and obedience stage: the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not the behavior leads to PUNISHMENT, and
(b) instrumental hedonism stage: the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it leads to REWARDS or satisfies the person’s NEEDS.
Conventional Morality
(a) “good boy/good girl” stage: the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it is SOCIALLY APPROVED of or liked by others, and
(b) law and order orientation stage: the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it violates laws and rules that have been established by LEGITIMATE AUTHORITIES.
Postconventional Morality
(a) the morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws: the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it’s consistent with democratically chosen laws, and
(b) the morality of individual principles of conscience: the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it’s consistent with broad, universally applicable general principles (e.g., justice, fairness).
