Models of Cultural & Identity Development

Question 1

Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) Model…

Name the Stages.

Answer 1

1. Conformity
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance & Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Integrative Awareness

Question 2

Conformity

Answer 2

People have either NEUTRAL or NEGATIVE attitudes toward members of their own minority group and other minority groups and POSITIVE attitudes toward members of the majority group.

Question 3

Dissonance

Answer 3

As the result of exposure to information or events that contradict their worldview, people QUESTION their attitudes toward members of their own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority group.

Question 4

Resistance and Immersion

Answer 4

People have POSITIVE attitudes toward members of their own minority group, CONFLICTING attitudes toward members of other minority groups, and NEGATIVE attitudes toward members of the majority group.

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

People QUESTION their unequivocal allegiance to their own group and are CONCERNED ABOUT BIASES that affect their judgments of members of other groups.

Question 6

Integrative Awareness

Answer 6

People are aware of the positive and negative aspects of all cultural groups. They’re SECURE in their cultural identity and are committed to eliminating all forms of oppression and becoming more multicultural.

Question 7

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model…

Name the Stages.

Answer 7

1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-Emersion
4. Internalization
5. Internalization-Commitment

Question 8

Pre-Encounter

Answer 8

People IDEALIZE and prefer White culture. They have negative attitudes toward their own Black culture and may view it as an obstacle and source of stigma.

Question 9

Encounter

Answer 9

People QUESTION their views of White and Black cultures as the result of exposure to events that cause them to become aware of the impact of racism on their lives. These individuals are interested in learning about and becoming connected to their own culture.

Question 10

Immersion-Emersion (Cross)

Answer 10

People in this stage REJECT White culture and idealize and become immersed in their own culture.

Question 11

Internalization

Answer 11

Defensiveness and emotional intensity related to race decrease. People have a positive Black identity and tolerate or respect racial and cultural differences.

Question 12

Internalization-Commitment

Answer 12

People have internalized a Black identity and are committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression.

Question 12

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Model…

Name the Statuses.

Answer 12

1. Contact
2. Disintegration
3. Reintegration
4. Pseudo-Independence
5. Immersion-Emersion
6. Autonomy

Question 13

Contact

Answer 13

Characterized by a LACK OF AWARENESS of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo. People in this status usually have had limited contact with people from racial minority groups and may describe themselves as being colorblind.

IPS: obliviousness

Question 14

Disintegration

Answer 14

People are aware of contradictions that create race-related moral DILEMMAS that cause confusion and anxiety.

IPS: suppression & ambivalence

Question 15

Reintegration

Answer 15

People attempt to resolve dilemmas by believing that Whites are SUPERIOR to minority group members and blaming minority group members for their own problems.

IPS: selective perception and negative out-group distortion

Question 16

Pseudo-Independence

Answer 16

People are faced with an event that makes them QUESTION their beliefs about Whites and members of minority groups. It’s characterized by a superficial tolerance of minority group members that may be accompanied by paternalistic attitudes and behaviors that perpetuate racism.

IPS: reshaping reality and selective perception.

Question 17

Immersion-Emersion (Helms)

Answer 17

People search for a PERSONAL MEANING of racism and an understanding of what it means to be White and to benefit from White privilege.

IPS: hypervigilance and reshaping.

Question 18

Autonomy

Answer 18

People develop a NON-RACIST White identity, value diversity, and can explore issues related to race and racism without defensiveness.

IPS: flexibility and complexity.

Question 19

Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development

Answer 19

1. Sensitization
2. Identity Confusion
3. Identity Assumption
4. Identity Commitment

Question 20

Sensitization

Answer 20

Occurs during childhood and is characterized by feeling different from same-sex peers.

Young girls may feel that they’re not feminine or pretty and are more independent and aggressive than other girls are; young boys may say they’re less interested in sports and less aggressive than other boys and are more interested in art, reading, and other solitary activities.

Question 21

Identity Confusion

Answer 21

Begins in middle or late adolescence when individuals start to feel sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex and suspect that they’re gay or lesbian. This suspicion leads to uncertainty and anxiety which they attempt to alleviate with denial, avoidance, repair (attempting to change), redefinition (viewing homosexual feelings as a phase), or acceptance.

Question 22

Identity Assumption

Answer 22

This transition occurs when the person begins to accept a gay or lesbian identity, which is usually between 19 and 21 years of age for males and between 21 and 23 years of age for females. Individuals seek out social and sexual relationships with gays or lesbians and disclose their sexual orientation to gay and lesbian peers and adults and to some heterosexual family members and friends.

Question 23

Identity Commitment

Answer 23

People have internalized a gay or lesbian identity, accepted homosexuality as a way of life, and are comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals including family members, friends, and coworkers.

Question 24

Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI; Sellers et al.)

Answer 24

Racial…
Centrality; Regard; Ideology; Salience

Question 25

Racial Centrality

Answer 25

The extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race and is affected by the importance of race to the person relative to other identities such as gender and religion. Centrality is relatively stable across situations.

Question 26

Racial Regard

Answer 26

Includes private and public regard. Private regard refers to the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward African Americans and how positively or negatively he/she feels about being an African American. Public regard refers to the extent to which a person feels that others view African Americans positively or negatively.

Question 27

Racial Ideology

Answer 27

A person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society. 4 Racial Ideologies:
1. Nationalist
2. Oppressed Minority
3. Assimilationist
4. Humanist

Question 28

Racial Salience

Answer 28

The extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self-concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation. May vary across time and situation.