Stage 3 Tools Flashcards
Clicker
Used to precisely mark behavior
Becomes secondary reinforcer when paired with reward
Original clickers have harsh metallic sound
If dog is frightened, use verbal marker like yes or tongue click
Clicker Pros
Produce consistent tone
Enable marking behavior preceisely
Dog will understand click no matter who uses device
Clicker Cons
Timing must be exact
Some dogs might be overly sensitive to sound
Can be cumbersome to hold with everything
Target stick`
Mobile device to teach dog to follow
Target stick Pros
Targeting is simple and easy to train
Useful for shaping complex behaviors
Can be used to lure
Useful for teaching heel to small dogs
Treat pouches
Wearable pouch for dispensing treats
Can use nail pouch or fanny pack
Periodically remove and place on surface
Food treats
Must be irresistible to dogs
If possible should be small, pea sized
Always use high value treats when teaching new behavior or high distraction area
Always ask before offering treats (allergies)
Use treats every time during acqisition and switch to intermittent in fluency
Once behavior is understood, can switch to ‘real life’ reinforcers (toys, pets, praise)
Human food
Usually very high value
Should be low fat (low fact cheese, lean deli meats, grilled/boiled quicken, hot dogs, liver, squeeze cheese, peanut butter
Hard/crunchy treats
Typically baked, multiple sizes
Soft treats
Baked or cooked during extrusion process
Variety of sizes, shapes, flavors
Many have meat as first
Good for ‘jack-potting’ excellent behavior
Freeze dried treats
Moisture removed
Usually all meat
Some considered ‘raw’
Meat jerky
Usually tasty
Can be torn into small pieces
Between 2007-2015 China sourced jerky caused illness
Types of collars
Buckle, martingale, slip, head halters/collars, standard and front attached harnesses
Collar is determined by
Needs of individual dog/owner team
eg small owners with large dog might choose harness, people with disabilities, management versus training
Must choose collar/harness that is effective without
causing stress
How dog responds to tool
determines overall effectiveness and humaneness
Collar fit
Check fit regularly
Dog could escape, bite, or be bitten
Check collar fit of every client - too lose, could catch on things, too tight could strangle
Collar safety
Never leave dog alone in slip, half slip, or prong collars
Collar injuries are one of the most common
Accidental injuries can occur with every collar type
Buckle collar
Fixed length collar with metal or plastic buckle
1 or 2 D rings
May have quick release feature
Nylon, rubber, leather, varying lengths/widths
Collar fit
Should sit low on dogs neck Fit 2 fingers between neck and collar Too thick on small dog or too thin on large will be uncomfortable Doesn't need to be removed Remove when dogs are playing or crated
Collar pros
Can allow length adjustments
Can be most effective
Can be used to attach license/ID
Good choice for everyday wear
Collar cons
Continuous pressure can damage neck and trachea
Some dogs learn to slip out
Must be removed when playing
Must be removed when crated
Martingale
“Slip” or “humane choke”
Designed for breeds with narrow hears and large necks
2 loops - larger and small
When dog pulls, it tightens the larger loop
Can only tighten to certain degree
Like normal collar, width should be no more than 1/4 of the neck
Use on breeds with wide necks or who have learned to slip out
DO NOT leave on unsupervised dog
Martingale pros
East to put on
Comfortable fit for most dogs.
Limited closure prevents choking
High level of safety - hard to slip out of
Margtingale cons
Does not afford high level of control compares to head halters or front attach harness
Neck or trachea damage if dog pulls too strongly
Cannot leave unattended
Must be removed during play
Head halters
By controlling head, can control movement of body
-Enables owner to achieve high level of control without as much physical strength and without pressure on throat
Many factors led away from _ , such as
choke chains , mass marketing of head collar, education about benefits of positive reinforcement
Head halters are not
muzzles
In a head halter dogs can
eat drink, even play ball
Head halters are designed to
apply soft pressure to dogs nose or back of neck to discourage pulling/encourage polite leash walking
More head halter advice
Good choice for dogs too large or strong for owner or habitual pullers
Gentle pressure is usually all that is needed
Always remove at the end of walk/training
Sharp ‘pops’ should never be used
Never pair with retractable leads
Head halter pros
Great for hard pullers
Ideal for mismatched dog/owner size
Can be used to redirect or refocus reactive dogs
Considered safe and humane training collar
Head halter cons
Some dogs may take a very long time to get used to it
Could cause neck injuries if used improperly or with corrections
Difficult to fit on brachycephalic dogs
Straps can rub and irritate if not properly fitted
Conditioning to head halter
Start by showing halter
Give treats
Practice for 2-3 sessions
Once dog is reacting positively, put just nose loop on - click and treat and quickly remove loop
Repeat acclimation process 3x/day for about a week
Assuming dog remains positive begin to attach entire halter - click and treat once it is on, immediately remove, repeat process
Jackpot offering to put nose in
Slowly increase the amount of time it is worn
After day or two, increase 1-2 minutes a day
After 7 days practice, begin to attach leash
Should associate head halter with fun (playing, treats, walks)
Stand pinch/prong collars
Interlocking metal links with 2 blunt prongs
when leash is pulled, prongs pinch
Less commonly used today
Some prefer prong collar for ‘limited closure’
Fitting prong collar
Chose large size Should have at least 6 links Should fit snugly around neck High up on neck right behind dogs ears Leash chain on right side of neck Must be snugs Not designed to slip over head Must separate links
Prong collar usage
For strong habitual pullers or dog too strong for owner to control Designed to cause immediate discomfort Uses negative reinforcement Should never use 'leash pop' Can come apart Can use coupler as safety backup
Prong collar warnings
Never use on puppies less than six months
Never use on dogs displaying fear, reactivity, aggression
Pinch could increase aggression
Never pair with retractable leash
Must always remove after training session/walk
Prong collar cons
Difficult to fit
Can cause pain - increased fear and aggression
Can accidentally come apart
Can give impression that training requires force
Can be difficult to use correctly
Can look intimidating
Slip collars aka choke chains/training collar
Steel chain or braided nylon/rope
Large ring at each end
Chain pulled through ring
Choke chain fit
Sit high on dogs neck
To size and 2” to neck circumference
Might need to add 3 for some dogs
Choke chain usage
Negative reinforcement (removal of choking) or positive punishment (pop with leash) Only wear when training Not every day collar Never use with retractable leashes Never use on dogs with airway issues
ABC opinion on choke collars
Newer equipment is just as if not more effective in teaching new behaviors
Choke collar cons
Can be used incorrectly
Can damage trachea, vertebrae, spine
Improperly timed corrections can cause fear
Improper use can imply training requires force
No safety feature to prevent accidental choking
Body harness
Help prevent neck and throat injuries
Keep leash from being tangled
Pressure distributed evenly
Dogs will pull regardless of type of leash
Harness usage
Can be used on most dogs
Especially small or injured dogs
Good to attached to long line
Harness pros
Can even use on small puppies
Applies even pressure
Very difficult to slip out of
Harness cons
Very strong pulling dogs could be hard to control
Front attach harness
Leash attached in front of breast bone
Controls body versus head
Don’t usually require conditioning time
Pulling results in dog being turns around
Front attach harness usage
Great for puppies, strong pullers, brachycephalic dogs, dogs that don’t like head halters
Front attach harness pros
Immediately stops pulling in most dogs
Few dogs respond negatively
Can be used on most dogs and puppies
Front attach harness cons
Could be difficult to adjust
Could be difficult to fit some body types
ABC philosophy
Bias is towards positive reinforcement
Instruction that includes variety of training methods and ideologies provides the most comprehensive education
E Collar
Remotely operated to cue or correct behavior
Collar mounted receiver, hand held transmitter
Delivers tone, vibration, air, citronella or shock
Should only be used by trainers with years of experience!
E Collar usage
Never use on dog less than 6 months or fearful/reactive dog
Many unwanted behaviors can be corrected
Must first desensitize dog to collar
E Collar Cons
Timing must be precise
Obedience can become dependent on collars’ presence
Can be desensitized
Increased/redirected fear/aggression
Improper use can inflict pain and cause physical or mental breakdown
Leashes
4, 5, 6 feet
Clasp on one end, loop on other
Width/diameter should be relative to dogs size
Leash usage
Can be used on most situations to keep dog safe
Shorter length can be used for extra control in certain situations
Dual handle have second loop
Should attached directly to collar
How to hold leash
Should be loose at all time
Place thumb of dominant hand though loop before grasping it. With other hand, grasp about 2 feet down and gather excess slack until leash droops slightly
Hold excess leash with dominant hand, give treats with other
If dogs pulls so hard you need 2 hands, consider other type of leash or harness
Leash pros
Great for keeping dog safe
Good management tool
Leash cons
Rely on leash for correction might result in only being good when leash is present
Retractable leash
Hard plastic cage with long line spooled around retracting mechanisms
Locking function stops extension
When unlocked, leash extends or retracts based on pressure
Retractable leash advice
For best safety attach to harness
Prevents neck and spinal injuries
Never attach to head halter or slip/martingale/pinch
Retractable leash usage
Can be awkward
Shouldn’t be used in most training situations
Proper leash holding impossible
Dropping can make loud sound
Best used for exercise
Good for generalizing behaviors in ALREADY trained dog
Rewards/encourages pulling
Don’t use with strong pullers, high distraction areas
Retractable leash pros
Allows more freedom
Adjusts to various lengths
Could be easier to grasp
Blind or elderly dogs might find tension comforting
Retractable leash Cons
Can't be used with many training collars Could teach dogs to pull Provides very little control Allows dogs to get farther Difficult to use while training Relatively narrow line could break Rope burn Easily tangles
Long lines
10-50 feet long
Loop one one end, clasp on other
Usually nylon
Amount of freedom depends on size of dog
Dog should feel that owner is out of reach
Dog should always be supervised
Should be attached to standard collar or body harness - never pinch slip or martingale
Tie knots it 3’ or 5’ intervals
Used to introduce distractions during training
Many use gloves to prevent friction burns
Long line pros
Enables trainers to work dog safely from distance
Can introduce to off leash control
Great replacement for retractable
Long line cons
People could become tangled
Can take practice
Can be difficult to back up as dog moves towards you
Hands free leashes
Wear around hip/waist/torso
Usually nylon
2’ 4’ 6’
Some are adjustable, feature shock absorber
Various shapes and sizes
Usually fit nearer hips (center of gravity) for greater stability
Hands free leash usage
Can be great for owners with multiple items to carry
Or for those who try to steer with leash
Could be good for leash reactivity
Hands free leash pros
Good for juggling many tools
Great for walkers/joggers/hikers with strollers
Prevents dropping leash
Good for strong pullers or reactive dogs
Hands free leash cons
Could be difficult to fit for some body types
Could be cost prohibitive
Might make owner fall
Slip leads
Metal ring which leash is pulled through to form loops
Dog cannot slip out
Used in shelters / hospitals also show ring
Slip lead fit
Long enough to accommodate dogs neck and loose leash walking
Should form ‘P’ when facing dog before slipping over head
Slip lead usage
Gently restrain dog in vet/shelter setting
Can be helpful if standard buckle is problematic
Some trainers recommend for training loose leash walking w/ dogs who are not strong pullers
Always use steady pressure - never jerk
Slip lead pros
Good for moving dogs quickly in emergency situation
Temporary solution when standard collar is unavailable
Can discourage pulling
Removed quickly
Slip lead cons
Could damage trachea or spine
Could be used incorrectly
Improper use could imply you need force
No safety features to prevent strangulation
Crates
With proper training dogs can learn to love
Can provide sanctuary and comfort
Idea for house training puppies
3 basic types: Plastic/fiberglass, wire, furniture style
Also soft crates made of canvas/mesh
Crate fit
Should have enough room to stand up and turn around comfortably
Front to back - 1.5 x dogs length not including tail
Come in range of sizes
Crate Usage
Should not be used as punishment
To acclimate, place several treats in several times a week
Can include cover to eliminate visual distractions
and reduce barking
Should provide chews and toys
Concerns with crates
Could increase separation anxiety issues
If anxiety reaches panic levels she could hurt herself
Broken teeth, lacerations, punctures, etc
Also accompanied by urination/defecation
If dog shows crate anxiety
Refer owners to trainer who specializes in this
Recommend alternative such as safe room
Or doggie daycare
Ideally dog should be crated
no more than 4-5 hours a day
Crate pros
Can help with number of problems including inappropriate elimination, chewing, digging
Helps prevent dog making mistakes
Can safely restrain dog in vehicle
Crate cons
Some owners might leave dog in it too long
Some owners will be resistant
Can increase separation anxiety
Playpens
Typically made of metal or plastic 1 panel has latchable door Height can vary from 32-48 inches Most can be used indoors or out Can be useful for behavior management, house training Excellent when recovering from surgery
Playpen fit
Small enough to discourage improper elimination, large enough to play and stretch out in
Sides high enough she cannot jump over
Big enough to accommodate any necessary items and provide room to play and stretch out
Playpen usage
NEVER use as punishment
Read instructions carefully
Used to safely contain dog or puppy, protect dog from hazardous situations
Crate introduction
To begin with use in same room
Provide toys
Supervise to start with
Once deemed safe, can leave alone w/minimal supervision
Crate pros
Great for situations where constant supervision isn’t possible
Can keep dogs/puppies save, prevent engaging in certain behaviors
Crate cons
Not a substitute for training, supervision, and attention
Some owners will be resistant to confining dog
Pet Gates
Designed to keep dog to particular area
Sturdy, resilient materials (metal, wood, wire, sturdy plastic)
Can be free standing, spring tension mounted, door mounted
Range of heights
Pet gate fit
Should be tall enough that dog cannot jump over
Slat width: narrower than dogs head
adequately sturdy
Thoroughly read and follow instructions
Pet gate usage:
Safely block access to certain rooms and prevent undesired behaviors
Useful for introducing pets
Keep dogs separated during meals
Pet gate pros
Keep dog/puppy safe by confining in certain area
Prevent some types of unacceptable behavior
Useful when constant supervision isnt possible
Can be used in various settings/areas
Easy to set up and dismantle
Pet gate cons
Can be misused - not a substitute for training, supervision, attention
Could tip if improperly installed
Dog could escape
Could be costly
Kennels and dog runs
Designed to provide safe outdoor confinement
Chain link or metal grid fencing
Door for easy access
Some have waterproof canvas or vinyl roofs
Usually free standing, place over cement glass or concrete
Kennel/dog run fit
At minimum four times larger than properly sized crate
Sturdy
Place on firm, level surface
Kennel usage
Can be kept in for longer than crate Thoroughly read all instructions Should be exercised before kenneling Put water, lots of toys If no roof, placed in shade Don't use as primary living area or in inclement weather
Kennel pros
Prevent destruction to home and yard
Effective tool for managing access to home and yard
Provides safe access to outdoors
Kennel cons
Could be overused
Not a substitute for proper training and attention
Could be misused as primary living area
Could counteract house training
Electronic fences
Use E Collar to keep dog confined in yard
2 types: In ground or wireless
Inground send radio signal to underground wire
Wireless - boundary is set to specific circular distance
Receiver emits warning when dog reaches boundary
If dog doesn’t back away, emits mild shock
E Fence usage
Can help prevent dog from running into street, leaving unfenced yard, getting into neighbors yard
Training usually takes about 2 weeks followed by 2 more weeks of close monitoring
Once dog learns boundary, may be reluctant to cross for rides or walks
Always have dog on leash while crossing
E Fence pros
Can make boundary training far more effective
E Fence cons
Costly Can cause dog to become fearful Doesn't prevent dogs or other animals from crossing boundary Receiver points can damage skin Some dogs learn to ignore charge
Pet Doors
Designed to let dog access backyard, patio, etc Variety of sizes and styles Some open automatically Can be paired to microchip Lockable
Pet door fit
Large enough that dog can easily pass through without becoming stuck
Accessible height
Dog door training
Secure door open and coax dog through with treats
Once they go through, can secure flap
Not alternative to house training
Could still eliminate inside
Adolescent dogs who are untrained w/ access to house might engage in destructive chewing
Dog door pros
Enables dogs to go in/out at leisure
Doesn’t require owner
Regular access to outdoors could help with some problems eg chewing barking
Dog door cons
Could be security concern
Could provide access for unwanted animals
Improper installation could discourage dog from using
Training pads
Absorb and retain moisture
Teach puppy to eliminate in certain area
Can be used during ‘paper training’ when puppy eliminates on gradually smaller areas
More convenient than taking dog out in some apartments
Could be placed in litterbox
Training pad pros
Can help prevent accidents
Useful for senior dogs
Good choice for owners who cant bring dog outside
Training pad cons
Can be torn apart easily
Unpleasant odors
Could cause concern over lapses in house training
Could eliminate in same spot after pads are removed
Litterboxes
Can be used to house train dogs
Can be filled with any type of litter
Some dog specific litterboxes
Litterbox fit
1.5 x length of puppy excluding tail
Placed in readily accessible area and cleaned daily
Litterbox usage
Can train dog or puppy to eliminate in
Can be used to transition
Can be more practical for apartment dwellers or persons with disabilities
Litterbox pros
Can help prevent accidents inside home
Useful for senior dogs with incontinence
Useful for owners w/ inclement weather
Good choice for dogs who do not want to go outside
Litterbox cons
Unpleasant odors
Concern over lapses in training
Not viable for large/giant dogs
Litter could be tracked through house
Indoor dog toilets
Can be used for elimination
Can be plastic grates over tray, patch of fake grass, combination
Indoor toilet fit
1.5 x length of dog
Indoor toilet usage
Place in regularly used area
Clean daily
Can be used to transition to outdoors
Good for apartment dwellers, those with disabilities
Indoor toilet pros
Helps prevent accidents
Useful for senior dogs
Inclement weather
Good for owners who dont want outdoor elimination
Indoor toilet cons
Unpleasant odors
Lapses in housetraining
Problematic for large/giant dogs
Costly
Potty bells
Bells that owner trains dog to ring when she wants to go out
Designed to be hung on wall or door
Also digital chime dog activates with paw or nose, or pressure sensitive mat
Potty bell usage
Train dog to touch bells on cue
Then, begin teaching dog to press to go outside
Must only be let out for elimination or they will ring bell just to go out
Potty bell pros
Can help prevent elimination
Fairly easy to train to use
Potty bell cons
Dog could learn to ring bell whenever they want to go out
Stain and Odor removers
Important during house training so dog doesn’t return to same place
Majority incorporate enzymes
Some use oxygenation/carbonation
Stain and odor remover usage
Main reason they don’t work is owner doesn’t read directions
Odor remover pros
Non toxic, designed specifically to remove pet urine
Can completely remove odors/stains when used correctly
Can prevent elimination on the same spot
Odor remover cons
Owner might not follow directions completely
Could be costly
Bitter sprays
Used to deter chewing
Pump activated bottle, gel, paste
gel/paste may last longer but harder to apply to large areas
Bitter spray usage
Read instructions
Usually need to use daily
Dog also needs training to redirect chewing
Bitter sprays pros
non-toxic and usually non staining
can quickly deter dog
Some can be sprayed on bandages (never open wound)
Bitter sprays cons
could evaporate fairly quickly
Not all dogs are repelled
Boundary sprays
Noxious odor repels dog from certain areas
Not usually offensive to humans
Boundary spray usage
Only in area that provides ample room to avoid smell
Follow instruction
Typically requires training
Boundary spray pros
Dogs will avoid even attractive areas when properly used
Boundary spray cons
Dog could learn to ignore smell
Must be consistently reapplied
Sound and Air Emitting Devices
Usually used to keep dogs off or away from certain locations
2 most common: Forced-air and/or sound-emitting
Manual or automatic
Also electronic mats that emit tone
Sound/Air Emitting Device Usage
Carefully read instructions
Never use too close to dog’s ear
Motion sensing devices designed to function without owners’ presence
Sound/Air emitting device pros
Can discourage unwanted behavior when owners aren’t near
Sound/Air emitting device Cons
Can elicit fear response
Shouldn’t use with puppies
Some dogs will only behave when owner is present
Not a substitute for training
Anti Barking Devices
When addressing barking, crucial to know why
Can be self-rewarding
Tool chosen will depend on reason for barking
Types of anti-barking devices
2 types: Bark control collars or ultrasonic bark deterrent
Collar: Emits correction when dog barks
Latter: Similar to sound emitting devices, stand alone or handheld
Bark control collars
Features sensor with reliable bark detection
Uses vibration and sound to detect barks
Correction (shock, sound, vibration, spray) emitted when bark is detected
Some combine deterrents or have multiple correction levels
Must first desensitize to collar
Bark collar pros
Owner doesn’t have to be present
Can be effective for nuisance barking
Device virtually eliminates false detection
Could help dog from being rehomed
Bark collar cons
Will cause additional stress and problems if used on dogs with separation anxiety
Could cause increased fear or redirected aggression or make behavior worse if used on dogs with fear aggression
Could cause normal dogs to become fearful
Desensitization to collar renders useless
Barking could return when device is removed
Some dogs don’t find citronella aversive
Some dogs learn to turn head to avoid correction
Ultrasonic bark control devices
Work same way as collar: emit high frequency sound when sensor detects activity
Unlike collar, stand alone or handheld
Most have 3 or more sensitivity settings
Range varies from 15-50 feet
Can be placed indoors or outside
Can be used in home or yard
Ultrasonic bark control device - Pros
Can discourage barking when owners aren’t present
Handheld units allow for rewarding when dog stops barking
Can be effective for nuisance barking
Less intrusive than bark control collars
Ultrasonic bark control device - Cons
False corrections more likely in devices that only detect sound
Might not be aversive enough
Limited to dogs who can hear
Some dogs could learn to ignore
Costly
Should NEVER be only method used (DRAB, physical exercise, etc)
Treat Cameras
2 components - camera and treat dispenser
Connected to owner w/ tablet or smartphone
Can watch/talk to dog, dispense treats, take video, etc
Treat camera usage
Can use at work or while traveling to remotely reward good behavior
Can alleviate separation anxiety by staying in contact w/ dog and monitoring unwanted behaviors
Can train dog to response to remote cues
Treat camera pros
Provides enrichment
Can help w/ separation anxiety
Useful for monitoring unwanted behaviors
Treat camera cons
Costly
Could take time for dog to adjust
Could learn to misbehave in order to get treats
Remote treat dispensers
Don’t have audio/visual
Just dispenses rewards
Treats dispensed w/ handheld device or via app
Can be programmed to dispense treats at certain times
Most are battery operated w/ AC adapters, wall mounted or on floor
Remote treat dispenser usage
Designed to reward dog from distance
Remote range varies up to 25 feet
Could place inside crate
Remote treat pros
Great for teaching from distance
Provides canine enrichment
Remote treat cons
Costly
Could take time for dog to adjust
Pet Monitoring Systems
Most function primarily as camera
Typically connected via Wifi to smartphone
Some offer specific monitoring remote
Different features including: HD video, 2 way communication, SD card, motion/sound detectors
laser game function, multiple cameras
Wall mounted or on shelf
Monitoring system Usage
Primarily to keep track of dog’s behavior
Viewing distance depends on model
Up to 500 feet
Could also use general home monitoring system
Monitoring system pros
Good for keeping track of dog’s activity
Ruling out separation anxiety
Monitoring system Cons
Costly
Can take dog time to adjust
Canine In-vehicle Restraints
Designed to keep dog safe in vehicle
No national crash test safety standards for dogs
Several manufacturers dog test products and conduct crash tests
Center for Pet Safety
Research and advocacy organization
devoted to companion animal safety and consumer safety
Focus on pet travel safety
In Vehicle Harness Fit
Never by larger size so puppy can ‘grow into’ it
Always buy properly fitting harness
Follow manufacturers instructions
Attempt to pull it off - if you can it’s too big
In Vehicle Harness Pros
Can prevent distracting driving from dog wandering around
Could save dog’s life in accident
In Vehicle Harness Cons
Can be complicated to assemble
Might not withstand force of severe accidents
Muzzles
Can prevent injury
Every dog should be trained to wear
Basket type are preferred for training - allow eating/drinking
Made of plastic, wire, rubber, leather
Soft muzzles completely close mouth - use only in emergency
Muzzle fit
Fits on snout w/ two straps behind ears
Must fit exactly - snug but not tight
Carefully read and follow instructions
Muzzle usage
To prevent biting
Should be able to pant and accept treats
Never use to control problem behaviors
Never use as punishment
Muzzle pros
Can prevent injuries
Can deter people from petting reactive dog
Muzzle Cons
Looks intimidating
Could teach fearful/reactive dogs to ‘muzzle punch’
Could easily overheat dog
Could cause anxiety/fear/stress
Could rely on muzzle in place of training
First Aid Kits
Typically includes items for owners and dogs
Never alternative to proper care in emergency
Well equipped kit could make a difference
First Aid Kit pros
Great for minor injuries
Could help stabilize more serious injuries while waiting for proper care
First Aid kit cons
Could assume proper care is unnecessary
Untrained individuals could misuse certain items
Spray repellants
Could use in case of attack
Must be canine safe
Carefully read and follow instructions
Spray repellent pros
Could work well on close dogs
Effective at distracting
Most cause no long term injury
Spray repellant cons
Requires accurate aim
Could increase fear/anxiety/stress
Could be hazardous if ingested
Could rely on it instead of training
Chews
Chewing is natural instinct
Provides mental stimulation, expends surplus energy, satisfies need to chew, promotes healthy gums and teeth
Should supervise
Bones Pros
Easily cleaned after use
Great alternative to rawhide
Can be refilled
Bones Cons
Not great for aggressive chewers - could break teeth
Could crack if repeatedly dropped
Dog may lose interest
Natural bones w/ tissue
Femurs or joints roasted, smoked, basted w/ meat and marrow still attached
Must always be supervised
Natural bone usage
Dog will slowly chew off bits of tissue and marrow
Relieves boredom and satisfies natural chewing instinct
Should be supervised
Natural bone pros
Usually stronger aroma than sterilized bones
Great alternative to rawhides
Natural bone cons
Not great for aggressive chewers
Might try to ingest
Could damage floor when repeatedly dropped\
Grease might get on carpeting
Bully sticks
Made from bovine penises
Low fat, high protein, completely digestible
Bully stick usage
Alleviate boredom or stress Help with dental health Can be very high value Can offer at select times (guests visiting) Once finished should be removed Should always be supervised Could harbor harmful bacteria
Bully stick pros
Can be used to promote good behavior High protein, low fat Highly digestible Non-staining Suitable for all chewers
Bully stick cons
Could have strong odor
Could be consumed quickly
Small pieces could be choking hazard
Could be costly
Deer and elk antlers
Usage
Variety of sizes
Usage: Very long lasting
Should be based on dog’s size and how aggressively she chews
Antler Pros
Can promote good behavior
Odor free
Non staining
Suitable for all types
Antler cons
Some dogs might not like Could break tooth Small piece could be choking hazard Chewed ends could splinter Could be cost prohibitive
Rawhide
Made of inner layer of cow or horse hide
Compressed and ground into shapes and flavors
Should have flexibility when twisted
Could contain trace amounts of toxic chemicals or bacteria
Rawhide usage
Chose one that appears too large to swallow
Shouldn’t be able to chew and swallow in short period of time
When dog can fit whole thing in mouth, take it away
Remove small pieces
Always supervise
Can be great for relieving boredom, promoting healthy teeth and gums, satisfying natural need to chew
Compressed - average chewers
Ground and compressed - light chewers
Compressed rawhide pros
Most dogs love flavor
More durable and longer lasting than ground and compressed
Beneficial to dental health
Ground and compressed rawhide pros
Great for light to average chewers
When chewed into bits, usually passes uneventfully
Beneficial for dental health
Compressed rawhide cons
Aggressive chewers could swallow large pieces Could cause intestinal blockage Might break teeth Some flavors could stain Preservatives Could be hazardous
Ground and compressed rawhide cons
Not for aggressive chewers
Not as long lasting
Added flavors could stain carpets
Trace ingredients might be hazardous
Cow and Pigs Ears
Made of cartilage and fat
Frequently smoked/dried
Cow ears larger than pig ears, lower fat
Might harbor bacteria - always wash hands after handling
Cow/Pig ear usage
Light to average chewers
Don’t give to aggressive chewers - could swallow piece
High in fat - not daily treat
Could be used as high value reward
Cow/Pig Ear pros
Good for light to average chewers
Cons
Consumed too quickly for dental benefits
Can be too high in fat for obese dogs
Could leave grease stains
Some owners find odor unpleasant
Edible Chews
Made of digestible ingredients (corn starch, gluten , meat/poultry meal, yak milk/cheese)
Non toxic, odorless, non-staining
Edible chew usage
Choose size that cannot fit completely in dog’s mouth
Always supervise
Edible chew pros
Good for light to average chewers
Can help promote dental health
Edible chew cons
Not for aggressive chewers
Could easily break - choking hazard
Don’t last as long
Non-edible
Made of nylon, plastic, polymer, rubber
Usually flavored
Non edible chew usage
Dog might not be interested
Can enhance flavor by soaking in broth 20-30 minutes several times a week
Always choose size that doesn’t fit in dog’s mouth
Always supervise dog
Non edible chew pros
Can be good for aggressive chewers
Can be lightly coated in peanut butter
Can be good for calorie restricted diet
Non edible chew cons
Could break teeth or caused gum irritation
Some dogs aren’t interested
Benefits of toys
Mental/physical stimulation
Give something positive to do when alone
Help prevent boredom and unwanted behaviors
Increase human animal bond
Help reduce anxiety/aggression
Can be used to modify or redirect existing behaviors
Can be high value reward
Different dogs react differently to different treats
Always rotate toys
Always follow instructions
Chew Toys
Help provide outlet Promotes healthy gums and teeth Take into consideration type of chewer Should supervise Should not fit in dog's mouth If dog loses interest could boil in chicken broth
Chew toy pros
Satisfies natural instinct to chew
Can redirect from unacceptable behavior
Promotes dental health
Chew toy cons
Inappropriately sized toys could be destroyed
Aggressive chewers might ingest pieces
Kong rubber toys
Natural rubber
Puncture resistant, non toxic, non splintering
Variety of shapes and sizes
Red lines for average chewers, black for tough
Puppy line made of softer rubber
Purple/senior kong for light chewers
Blue kong is radio opaque and 25% stronger
Treat-dispensing toys
Can be filled with treats
Range from ‘rollable’ toys that dispense treats as they roll to toys that can be stuffed
Some dogs might need to be shown how to use, others might be too enthusiastic
If dog can easily break toy, find more durable one
Never replacement for walking/playing
Treat-dispensing toys pros
Can keep dog active and interested for a long time
Mental stimulation
Can help satisfy hunting instincts
Can replace unwanted behaviors
Treat dispensing toys cons
Might be difficult to figure out
Could get frustrated when treats run out
Could be destroyed by aggressive chewers
Kong tips
Effective as treat dispensers
Can engage dog for hours
Four chewing levels
Can be stuffed w/ peanut butter, yogurt, canned food, etc
Kong makes toy specific treats
Can alleviate boredom, anxiety, behavioral issues
Can freeze stuffed kong
safe toy when crated or in veterinary setting
Should be supervised initially
Kruuse Buster Cubes
Dispense treats when pushed along ground
Excellent for bored dogs
Hard and soft textures
Soft version reduces noise, ideal for hardwood floors
2 sizes
Dont give to aggressive chewers - might swallow plastic
Interactive puzzle toys
Designed to keep dog entertained
Satisfy mental stimulation with puzzle solving skills
Several compartments where treats can be hidden - dog must figure out how to get treats
Range of difficulties
Not all dogs will instinctively understand
Might need to help dog
Supervise to make sure small pieces aren’t ingested
Puzzle feeders
Variation on puzzle toys
Designed to replace standard meals
Helps slow down eating, reducing risk of bloat
Puzzle feeder pros
Can help keep dog active and interested for a long time
Can help satisfy natural hunting instincts
Mental stimulation
Provides replacement for unwanted behaviors
Puzzle feeder cons
Could be difficult to figure out
Some dogs might be frustrated when treats run out
Could be destroyed
Tennis and rubber balls
Small, medium or large soft hollow ball covered in fabric
Variety of types and sizes - soft, hard, smooth, textured
Can be used for fetch or other interactive games
When choosing ball, select size that cannot fit in dogs mouth
When throwing hard rubber ball, don’t have dog catch it with teeth
Don’t leave unsupervised
Tennis ball pros
Can be thrown, hidden, carried
Typically inexpensive
Excellent aerobic workout
Appropriate play opportunities
Tennis ball cons
Could be swallowed or chewed into pieces - serious digestive issues
Squeakers could encourage dog to destroy
Could wear out quickly
Ball and toy launchers
Designed to make playing fetch easier Great for those with disabilities Helps ensure plenty of exercise Plastic or wooden stick Some have hands free pick up Single or multiple ball slingshots Several automated devices available Some can be reloaded by dog Some available for soft toys - usually made of ballistic nylon
Ball launcher pro
Helps owners with limited mobility exercise dog
Great way to expend energy
Can be used anywhere
Ball launcher cons
Need to be careful not to hit dog
Dog might be reluctant to give up toy
Flirt poles
Similar to wand toy for cats except larger
Long pole with long rope/string usually w/ lure at the end
Can help expend excess energy
Can train dog to follow cue
Flirt pole pros
Helpful for owners with limited mobility
Great way to expend excess energy
Flirt pole cons
Could be difficult to maneuver
Some dogs might not be interested
Flying discs
Fabric, rubber, plastic
Hard or soft
Range from simple discs to ones with helicopter like blades
Most designed to float
Bite resistant
Choose size that is small enough to handle but too large to fit entirely in mouth
Ragged chewed up toys should be replaced
Flying disc pros
Great way to exercise dog
Can be used in park, backyard, etc
Designed to be easily gripped
Flying disc cons
Not for aggressive chewers
Could hurt dog’s face when catching
Could be hard to toss hard enough
Rope toys
Knotted/braided cotton
Many sizes/lengths
Some have balls, etc, attached
Choose size that cannot fit completely in mouth
Choose longer length to prevent accidental injury
Never leave dog unsupervised
Discard frayed ropes
Rope toy pros
Soft and flexible, attractive
Can be used for many different games
Can soak in water and freeze for teething puppies
Promotes dental health
Rope toy cons
Not for aggressive chewers
Might mistake for clothing, causing problem chewing
Squeaky toys
Many stuffed toys feature soft/fuzzy fabrics
Most have squeaker inside
Many sizes shapes and colors
Durable fabric limits dogs ability to rip apart
Choose toy that doesn’t fit in dogs mouth
Don’t give to aggressive chewers
Squeaky toy pros
Great for light chewing puppies/dog
Durable varieties can be good for average chewers
Can be used for fetch
Squeaky toy cons
Might play with childrens toy
Small parts - choking hazard
Could give mixed message re fabric items
Calming products
Stressed dog can be harder to train
Always rule out medical issues
Pheremone products
Scents used for communication with other dogs
Detected through vomeronasal organ
Lactating mother releases pheremones
Products feature ingredient that synthetically replicate natural pheremones
Collars, sprays, room diffusers, wipes
Pheremone pros
Can be used as needed unlike prescriptions
Can be costly
Might not work on some dogs
Adaptil: synthetic pheremone formula
Calming products
Natural ingredients such as chamomile
usually listed by chemical compound name
Always consult with vet
Calming product pros and cons
Pros
Can be used as needed
Cons
Might not work on some dogs
Active ingredients might not be consistent
Owners might not follow dosages
Can be costly
Might be contraindicated w/ prescriptions
Comfort/anxiety wraps
Produces pressure for calming effect
Existed for a long time
Comfort/anxiety wrap pros
Can be used as needed
Can reduce stress/anxiety
Some dogs find it comforting
Comfort/anxiety wrap cons
Might not work
Might increase stress
Can be costly
Travel carriers
Wide array of sizes
Can include water bowls, food containers, etc
Travel bags/packs
Some attach to dog, some to front seat
