Stage 1: A Basic Overview of Canines Flashcards

Question

Primary socialization period

Answer 1

- 3-7 weeks - Learning rapidly - Should be exposed to new things - Should be encouraged to approach and investigate new stimuli - Learn chasing, barking, body posture - Learn bite inhibition

Answer 2

- 6-8 weeks - Should stay with littermates until 8-10 weeks - Socialization still crucial - Should get first vaccinations - Continue to meet strangers, other dogs - Reward with high value treats

Answer 3

- 8-10 weeks - May suddenly become fearful of novel stimuli even if previously introduced - Any frightening stimulus can cause trauma - Fear could become generalized - If dealing with dog with history of fear during this period - pair fearful stimulus with high value treats - Work up to full exposure gradually - Any positive, non fearful interaction should be avoided

Answer 4

- 8 - 10 or 12 weeks - Optimum time for puppies to move into new home (unless in fear period) - Continue to work on socialization - Never force puppy to endure something - Stressful situations should be discontinued - Puppies should have choice

Answer 5

- 7 - 16 weeks - Take every opportunity to socialize - Enroll in puppy group class - Avoid dog parks, only socialize with vaccinated puppies to reduce risk of parvo - Start to lose puppy teeth - provide chew toys

Answer 6

- Can start socializing as early as 7-8 weeks - Should receive first set of vaccinations and deworming prior

Answer 7

- 3 - 12 months - Begins with end of socialization period, ends at sexual maturity - Continue to socialize - Approach and investigate novel stimuli - Basic training group classes, nose games, introduction to agility

Answer 8

- 6-14 months - Can last 1-3 weeks - Can become frightened of new or familiar things

Answer 9

- 8 months - 2-3 years - "teenage" period - Have acquired most of adult teeth - Still not socially or sexually mature - Males begin lifting leg to pee, females have first heat - Develop differently depending on breed, environment, etc - Starting around 1 year, become more confident - Exhibit characteristics of breed

Answer 10

- 3-7 years - By 3, dogs have matured - Should be trustworthy if properly trained - Rule breaking less common

Answer 11

- 7 + years - Less active - Still need physical and mental stimulation

Answer 12

Positive exposure to many different things

Answer 13

gradual exposure in small increments with positive reinforcemenr

Answer 14

sensitization

Answer 15

cause dog to make fearful associations

Answer 16

- consider environment - what does puppy need to acclimate to? - have lots of high value treats - upon seeing something new, let puppy examine - say 'yes' and reward with high value treats - If puppy sees something and looks at owner - reward - If puppy becomes afraid, move away from stimulus until she can calmy accept treats - When she looks at stimulus, reward

Answer 17

- Can be shy, overreactive - Might freeze, flinch, withdraw - might startle easily - Could be fearful of direct eye contact, frontal approach, movements above head - Use not abuse

Answer 18

sensitzation - leads to aggression

Answer 19

Leads to fear. Puppy may bite, never become comfortable.

Answer 20

- It can take one distressing event to intill fear - Both learned and innate - Even if socialized, can still occur, but chances are less

Answer 21

- Dogs who overreact to things or situations - Could be improper socialization or genetics - Could have specific trigger - NOT the same as aggression

Answer 22

is even more important. You don't know background, genetic makeup

Answer 23

- Dogs originated 30,000 years ago - Digestive system not exactly like wolf - Like wolves, dogs have short digestive tract suited for meat - Dogs diet is more flexible - Better ability to digest carbohydrates

Answer 24

- First commercial dog food in 1860s (type of biscuit) - By 1920s could buy canned horsemeat - 1950s - invented kibble - FDA began regulating - Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) began publishing Dog Food Nutrient Profile

Answer 25

- Protein, carbohydrates, and fat - Vitamins and minerals

Answer 26

- Make up large part of every cell - Made of amino acids (about 20) - 10 amino acids dogs cannot make (essential) - Protein provides all amino acids - Grain provides some - Deficiency can cause serious health problems - AAFCO: Dog food should have at least 18%, puppies 22%

Answer 27

-Made up of fatty acids -2 essential fats, omega-6 and omega-3 -Keeps dogs coat shiny and skin healthy -Found in fish, some nuts -Deficiency can cause dry hair, sores, weakened immune system Adult dogs: should have 5% fat, puppies 8%

Answer 28

- Not essential but provide energy - Made of sugars, starches, dietary fiber - Less expensive than meat - Dog food may contain oat bran, rice hulls, peanut shells - Not as easily digested as protein - Most dog food has 30-70% carbs

Answer 29

Strong bones and teeth

Answer 30

Binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells

Answer 31

Important for nerve functioning and muscle firing

Answer 32

Essential for cell reproduction, wound healing

Answer 33

Thyroid function, metabolism

Answer 34

Dog Food Nutrient Profile

Answer 35

Vision, growth, immune function

Answer 36

Helps maintain proper levels of minerals

Answer 37

Antioxidant, protects cells from damage

Answer 38

hundreds of dogs died from melamine contamination

Answer 39

by FDA and AAFCO

Answer 40

-FDA requires food to be safe, produced in sanitary environment, free of harmful substances, truthfully labelled

Answer 41

- Groups of local, state, and federal officials that define ingredients and set nutrient requirements - Establishes standards for pet food names, nutrition claims, and feeding instructions

Answer 42

have enforcement powers, does not test and certify food

Answer 43

State feed control officials

Answer 44

- Maintains list of allowed ingredients - Must list ingredients in order of descending weight - Must list minimum percentage of protein and far, max percentage of fiber and moisture - "complete and balanced" food must have proper amounts of all nutrients set forth by AAFCO - If not, must be clearly labelled as a treat or snack - Set guidelines for different life stages

Answer 45

- How much food dog needs depends on variety of factors - Instruction on label only a starting point

Answer 46

"organic" - must meet standard set by USDA "premium" "super premium" "gourmet" - no special requirements

Answer 47

- Questions raised about safety of some preservatives - BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin - 1990s - dog food producers told to reduce amount of ethoxyquin after studies showed it could cause liver damage - Some dog foods use natural preservatives (vitamin E) and vitamin C but has shorter, shelf life

Answer 48

95% beef or chicken, not counting water 70 percent including water

Answer 49

25 percent of named ingredient not counting water

Answer 50

3 percent beef

Answer 51

- Better foods specify source - Meat byproducts - livers, lungs, spleen, but NOT hair or teeth - can be highly nutritious - Meat meal, bone meal - comes from rendering, high heat removes water leaving residue - Critics say meal can come from expired meat or diseased animals

Answer 52

- make up to 70 percent of some foods - cheap filler - dogs can digest grains to some extent - some "grain free" foods use alternatives like potatoes or peas - Can cause allergies, but meat or dairy allergy is more common

Answer 53

- Food can be gluten free but not grain free - Gluten allergies in dogs are rare

Answer 54

- Meat/byproducts ground to desired texture - Mixed with grains, minerals, vitamins, gravy and gel - Slow cooked and poured into cans - Heat/pressure used to kill bacteria and seal cans - Can come in rolls or "chubs" - some are shelf stable, some require refrigeration

Answer 55

Usually has more meat Doesn't contain as many preservatives Dogs may find more appealing Contains more water Easier to eat

Answer 56

More expensive Must be refrigerated

Answer 57

Ingredients mashed into dough Cooked under high heat and pressure Cut into pieces Sprayed with nutrients, oil Preservatives added

Answer 58

Less expensive More convenient May be better for teeth

Answer 59

May have less meat Less appealing

Answer 60

Wet food is mostly water, appears to have lower levels of nutrients Need to convert wet food to dry Assume dry food has 4x as much dry matter If wet food has 8% protein, multiply by 4 - 32%

Answer 61

"BARF" - bones and raw food -typically includes muscle meat, organ meat, whole/ground bones, eggs, vegetables and fruit

Answer 62

- May be deficient in some nutrients, too high in others - Danger of salmonella, listeria - Bones can damage teeth, cause punctures - More expensive

Answer 63

Advocates say dogs have shinier coats, cleaner teeth, more energy Say food poisoning concern is overblown

Answer 64

- Most common nutrition related problem - Overweight = more than 20% above ideal weight - High risk for arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, some cancers - More likely as pets age - Some breeds more prone to obesity - Results from too much food and/or too little exercise

Answer 65

- Rare in dogs that eat "complete and balanced" diet - Vitamin excess is more common

Answer 66

Bone loss, fractures

Answer 67

motor and vision problems, sores, breathing problems, weakened immune system

Answer 68

muscle weakness, eye problems

Answer 69

- Chocolate - Grapes, raisins - Macadamia nuts - Onions - Garlic - Xylitol (in sugar free gums)

Answer 70

- Diet rich in vitamins, minerals, fatty acids reduce antisocial behavior in children and adults - Hormones and neurotransmitters affect behavior - Research is limited

Answer 71

- Some amino acids affect neurotransmitter levels - Tryptophan becomes serotonin - Having more serotonin made monkeys less aggressive, helps them recover from stress - Dogs fed low protein diet with tryptophan showed less territorial aggression

Answer 72

- Linked to reduced inflammation and improved mental functioning in humans - Rodents with DHA became better learners - Study with 28 litters of puppies, puppies with DHA scored better on training exercises - Another study with 8 week old puppies - high DH group showed better reversal learning and obstacle course navigation

Answer 73

- Dogs can have form of dementia called "cognitive function disorder" - May get disoriented, lose interest in socializing, have accidents in house, sleep disruptions - Nutrition may affect cognitive decline - 1 study - older dogs with antioxidants learned complex tasks better than control - Older dogs fed antioxidants had fewer age related changes in behavior

Answer 74

start at 6-8 weeks, then 3-4 week intervals until 16 weeks

Answer 75

DA2PP or DHPP DA2PP - Distemper, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza, Parvovirus DHPP - Distemper, Hepatitis/Adenovirus type 1, Parainfluenza, Parvovirus -Can also contain leptosirosis -Rabies

Answer 76

- Bordetella - Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) - Leptospirosis

Answer 77

- CAV-2 produces respiratory symptoms, discharge from eyes and nose - CAV-1 - abdominal pain, vomiting - Both are highly contagious - Spread by urine, stool, saliva - DHPP contains CAV-1, DA2PP contains CAV-2 - CAV-2 cross protects against CAV-1

Answer 78

- Spread through air, infected bodily fluid - Highly contagious - Dullness, redness of eyes, nasal discharge, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, seizures, "chewing gum" fits, thickened footpads - Often fatal - Permanent neurological problems, seizures, etc

Answer 79

- Recombinant - contains selected portions of pathogen RNA or DNA - Modified live (attenuated) - contains altered or weakened pathogen or pathogen rendered inactive - creates strong and long lasting immune response - Killed (inactivated) - contains dead version of pathogen - Toxioid - made from selected proteins that have been rendered harmless

Answer 80

- High contagious and potentially fatal - Attacks lining of small intestine - Puppies are especially vulnerable - Passed through infected stool - Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, fever, dehydration

Answer 81

- One cause of "kennel cough" - Mild respiratory tract infection - Spread through nasal discharge - Highly contagious from sneezing or coughing - Symptoms: harsh dry cough, retching, gagging, loss of appetite - Nasal discharge, lethargy, fever, productive cough - could suggest secondary infection

Answer 82

- More common in warm climates with lots of rainfall - Drinking from streams, exposure to infected wildlife, farm animals, other dogs - Bacterial zoonosis: can be spread from dogs to humans although not likely - Can be spread from infected urine, urine-soaked soil, water, food, bedding, being bitten by infected animal or eating infected carcass - Bacteria attacks kidneys and liver - Loss of appetite, excessive water consumption, vomiting, jaundice

Answer 83

- zoonotic disease spread through bite (infected skunks, foxes, racoons) - extremely dangerous and fatal - no treatment, contagious to all mammals - 1st vaccination 12-16 weeks, second dose within year - Booster shots every 3 years - Vaccine laws vary by state, county, etc

Answer 84

- one main cause of kennel cough - Highly infectious bacterium that causes tracheobronchitis - Dry, hacking cough, retching, watery nasal discharge - mild cases, can eat and drink normally - severe cases - lack of appetite, fever, lethargy, productive cough - most severe in puppies and immunocompromised dogs

Answer 85

- Lyme disease - Spirochete bacteria - Usually spread through ticks - Risk can be very low or very high depending on region - Prevent exposure - Most infected dogs show no symtpoms

Answer 86

- Bladder infection caused by range of bacteria - Frequent, difficult, painful, urination, sometime bloody - Can cause indoor accidents - When dealing w/ inappropriate urination get vet check

Answer 87

-Formed from minerals/salts -Can appear in kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra -Can occur from variety of conditions: PH, genetics, diet, medication -Large stones can cause blood in urine, painful urination -If stone blocks ureter - can cause vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain

Answer 88

- Abnormal growths of cells - Can be benign or malignant (cancerous) - Most common in dogs: lipomas made of fatty tissue - Even though benign should not be ignored - Always see vet for lumps

Answer 89

- Internal (heartworms, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms) - External (Fleas, ticks, mites)

Answer 90

Can transmit disease (tapeworms) Can cause allergies, anemia Can bite humans Scratching, hair loss See vet

Answer 91

Blood sucking parasites that attach to dogs and humans - can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease - Release toxins - Can cause anemia/death - Feed until engorged, then drop off - If in infested area, should check for ticks daily

Answer 92

- Infect external part of ear - Symptoms: vigorous head shaking, ear scratching, dark crumbly red-brown discharge - Moaning/whimpering - Can spread from animal to animal - Visible to naked eye as tiny white specks - Refer to vet

Answer 93

- burrow beneath skin causing scabies aka sarcoptic mange - -Highly contagious, can spread to humans - small solid bumps on skin, intense scratching which causes thick crusted sores on abdomen, chest, ears, elbows, legs - See vet

Answer 94

- Can also cause mange however not contagious to other dogs - Symptoms: itching, hair loss, red/dark skin, inflamed footpads - Live symbiotically in hair follicles and sebaceous glands - If immune system suppressed, can reproduce rapidly, cause inflammation, hair loss - Can still participate in group activities

Answer 95

- Come from infected mosquitoes - Mature in dog's heart - can grow up to 12 inches - Tire easily - Chronic coughing, weight loss - Life threatening - Preventive medication available

Answer 96

- Gastrointestinal parasites - Commonly infest puppies - tapeworms - contracted by fleas or infected prey - tapeworm "eggs" resemble grain of rice - Can be seen in feces - Usually goes undetected unless eggs are noticed - Weight loss, malaise, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, blockage - Roundworms also pillage nutrients and cause nutritional deficiencies, weight loss, lethargy, poor coat - Hookworms: 'hook' onto intestines, similar symptoms , blood loss, tarry diarrhea, anemia - Zoonotic

Answer 97

- 10,000 - 100,000 times stronger - 300 million receptors vs human's 6 million - Can detect what direction smell is in because of nostril's size and distance - Exhale through slits on each side of nostril, pulling in fresh air, so they can smell continuously - Vomeronasal organ detects pheremones - Dogs can be trained detect low blood sugar, seizures, cancers, gluten

Answer 98

Can hear between 67 - 45000 Hz Humans 20-23,000 Hz - Can hear softer sounds - Can move ears independently - 18 ear muscles - Also depends on ear shape - By moving ears independently, dogs can direct which direction sound is coming from

Answer 99

- Dogs can see blue, yellow, gray - Humans have 3 cones, dogs have 2 - Dogs have more rods (detect motion) - Greater peripheral vision - Pupils fully dilate - Tapetum - mirror like structure in back of eye, increases ability to see in dim light, causes eyes to 'glow in dark'

Answer 100

- Greater than cats, worse than humans - Dogs: 1700 taste buds, humans: 9000, cats: 470 - Can taste 5 basic tastes, less ability to detect salt - Additional receptors for meats, fats - Specific taste receptors for water

Answer 101

Dogs use physical contact as communication Use face and snout to explore High concetration of touch receptors on muzzle along with whiskers (vibrissae) Use whiskers to detect shape, size, speed of nearby objects Dogs typically enjoy scratches on rump, chest, along spine Pats around head or paws unpleasant

Answer 102

2.8 billion, 3.3 billion

Answer 103

23, 39, 18

Answer 104

Genotype: organisms entire collection of DNA, phenotype: observable characteristics

Answer 105

Innate: Present at birth: Vocalizing, chewing, squatting to urinate, drooling Learned behavior: Acquired through interaction with environment Innate behaviors can be managed but not eliminated

Answer 106

- present at birth - many cause pain and are deadly

Answer 107

Hip Dysplasia - Deformation of hip joint

Answer 108

- Can appear at 4-9 months - Hip pain, limping, difficulty getting up from laying down or sitting Management: Weight control, curtailing exercise, keep living area warm and dry -If dog suddenly becomes aggressive, see vet

Answer 109

- Maintains database to reduce inherited disease and improve health - Covers all dog and cat breeds - Can research parents, grandparents, etc - Evaluates blood, x-rays, and DNA for disease - good idea not to purchase puppy unless clearwed buy OFA - certifications include hip, elbow, heart, thyroid, eye health and more

Answer 110

- Belong to parent clubs - Study pedigrees - Follow strict guidelines - Compete in shows - Do health testing - Offer lifetime contracts - Take back puppies

Answer 111

- Male puppies become fertile around 6 months, sexual maturity by 12-15 months - Can remain fertile till 8-10 years - Large breeds mature slower - Females have specific times they are fertile (heat)

Answer 112

- Proestrus: Female is attractive to males. Lasts about 9 days. Vaginal discharge and vulva is swollen. Female will not allow intercourse - Estrus: About 9 days. Female will accept male. Fertile phase. Ovulation within about 48 hours of beginning - Diestrus: No longer accept male, lasts just under 60 days. - Anestrus: period until next proestrus cycle. About 4 months

Answer 113

OK if she wears appropriate sanitary garment Keep away intact males If agression arises, remove her from class Normally calm males could become agressive

Answer 114

- reduction in mammary cancer - elimination of pyometra - Elimination of testicular and prostate diseases - Some aggressive behaviors removed - Reduces pet overpopulation

Answer 115

Dogs do not bite without warning Bite to stop something that scares or upsets them Indicates whether dog wants to greet someone Look at entire body Emotions can be affected by temperament, personality, mood, motivation

Answer 116

- Ears up, moving back and forth - Head high - Corners of mouth relaxed - Soft eyes - Stands on all four legs - Tail relaxed, slowly wagging, - Not moving with any urgency - Muscles relaxed - Mouth can be open, even smiling - Curved body - "wiggling" or "cashewed" - Danving around

Answer 117

- Taily straight out, stiffly wagging - Eyes focused - Corners of mouth taut - Body leans forward - Ears forward - Mouth open or closed - Stands all on toes - Piloerection

Answer 118

- Indicates dog is aware of something but not sure how to react - Can be prelude to other behaviors - What happens next depends on how she reacts to stimulus - Will give stress signals before she engages - Can occur just before dog reacts fearfully or aggressively - Redirect dogs attention with toys or food

Answer 119

- Tail up and stiff - Piloerection - Pupils dilated - Ears forward and stiff - Nose/muzzle wrinkled - Corners of mouth forward and taut - Mouth closed - Furrowed brow/forehead - Stands tall, forward on toes - May lean forward - Eyes focused/staring - Body standing still or moving very slowly

Answer 120

- Suggests dog is aggressive, ready for attack - Learned behavior - Difference between alert and offensive posture is movement - Alert dogs move around, jump, offensively aggressive dogs are still or moving slowly - If dog becomes offnesively aggressive, have owner leave and redirect attention with treats - Get in habit of moving away from distractions - Focus on desensitizing and counter conditioning - Never give corrections, could cause dog to redirect aggression - Instead move away from threat - Front clip harness or head coller

Answer 121

- Whale eyes - Tail down or tucked - Piloerection - Ears pinned down - Pupils dilated - Corners of mouth pulled back - Body lowered - Leaning backward

Answer 122

- Indicates dog is afraid - Don't approach or attempt to pet - Stop whatever is happening and toss several treats - Dogs may flop onto back before fighting

Answer 123

- Means dog is fearful - Would prefer to move away - May bite if provoked - Stop stimulus - Move away and toss treats - Focus on desensitizing and counter-conditioning at dog's pace - Avoid corrections

Answer 124

- Tail tucked - Round eyes - Whale eyes - Eyes looking away - Corners of mouth pulled back - Ears pinned back - Rolls onto back - Grovels - Freezes - Urinates/defecates - Expresses anal glands

Answer 125

- Tail up, wagging - Ears up - Mouth open - Front end lowered - Friendly eye contact

Answer 126

- Prefer to play in pairs - Equal give and take - Body outlines should look soft, round, fluid - Can include growling and face biting - Should share toys - When puppy needs break, other puppies respect this

Answer 127

- One puppy should not be singled out, chased , be pinned down, bark in her face - Never allow puppies to "work it out" - When bullying: body is stiff and straight, freezes and stares, tail held tightly over back - When bullied: Rolls over, ears plastered back, yelping, wide eyes When in doubt, interrupt - Make smoochy sound and call puppies back - If this doesn't work, pick up bullying puppy - If it was bullying, other puppy will run for safety - Give bullying puppy a time out

Answer 128

- Licking lips or nose - Tongue flicks - Blinking - Averts eyes - Yawning - Sniffing around - Walking slowly - Holding one paw up - Sitting or lying down - Freezing - Walking in curve - Shaking off

Answer 129

- Drooling - Sweaty pads - Round eyes - Whale eyes - Panting - Shaking

Answer 130

- Dogs do not feel guilt - Is really stress/fear - dog is fearful from owner's anger - If dog displays extreme stress signals, they are one step away from offensive or defensive threats - Need to move dog away from stimulus

Answer 131

- May have different barks depending on situation - Can bark when excited, fearful, stressed or bored - Excited - quick high pitched, 'yodeling' bark - Suspicious - long, deep barks - Some breeds will 'bay'

Answer 132

- Dogs growl for many reasons - Normal when playing, or when afraid - Never punish growling - Pay attention to growling - could mean dog is uncomfortable

Answer 133

- Usually something is wrong or dog wants something - Can whimper when scared or in pain - Can also whimper when excited - Ending on up note - stress, on down note - excitement

Answer 134

- Proponents say it is fastest, most effective training method - Critics say it is too aversive and has serious behavioral consequences - Dates back to German military dogs at beginning of 20th century - 1940's - "dominance theory" - Stems from studies on captive wolves by Rudolf Schenkel and Konrad Lorenz - Schenkel - surmised that wolves and domestic dogs have firm hierarchy - Lorenz, same idea but dominance hierarchy completely rigid

Answer 135

- Has been disproven - Even groups of wild dogs do not conform - Pack status is highly fluid