Stage 2 Guide Flashcards
Required to enter airspace Alpha and altitude
must be IFR rated, 18000’+ MSL
Required to enter airspace Bravo and altitude and how big
Clearance, ADSB, Transponder, tops usually up to 10,000’ MSL, 30 nm mode C veil
Required to enter airspace Charlie and altitudes how big
2 way comms, ADSB, Transponder, tops 4,000’ AGL, 5nm inner ring, 10nm outer ring
Required to enter airspace Delta and altitudes
2 way comms, tops 2,500 AGL, 5sm ring (4.4nm)
Required to enter airspace Echo and altitudes
No required equipment below 10k, above 10k mode C transponder & ADSB start 1,200’ AGL - 18,000’ MSL, within vignette 700’ AGL to 18,000’ MSL
Required to enter airspace Golf and altitudes
below 1,200’ AGL, within vignette below 700’ AGL
What is TRSA and what does it stand for
Terminal Radar Service Area
● Acts like a hybrid between Charlie and Delta
● Voluntary radar services provided, not required
● Has an approach control
● Actual airport is a Delta
Cloud clearance Bravo
3sm, clear of clouds
Cloud clearance Echo
● Below 10,000’ MSL
3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal (3-152)
● Above 10,000’ MSL
5sm, 1000’ above, 1000’ below, 1 mile horizontal (5-111)
Cloud clearance Golf
● Below 1200’ AGL
○ Day - 1sm, clear of clouds
○ Night - 3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal (3-152)
● Above 1200’ AGL
○ Day - 1sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal (1-152)
○ Night - 3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal (3-152)
Cloud clearance Charlie / Delta
3sm, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal (3-152)
Military Operations Area
○ Separates IFR traffic from military activity
○ Freedom to fly through
Controlled Firing Area
○ Similar to MoA and not depicted on sectional
○ Uses spotters to advise cease fires
○ Freedom to fly through
Prohibited
○ Not allowed to fly though
Restricted
○ Includes Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR)
■ Airspace is temporarily closed to general public, see NOTAMS
■ Reasons include to protect general public or security areas
such as football games, president in town, etc.
■ Need permission to enter
Alert areas
○ Area where increased situational awareness is needed
■ Example: high amount of flight training occurs
○ Free to fly through
Warning Area can u fly thru
○ Can be hazardous to non-participating aircraft
○ Usually over international waters
○ Freedom to fly through
National Security Area
○ Asked to voluntarily avoid this area for security reasons
Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)
○ Requires special training in order to operate
○ Examples: Washington, DC and Grand Canyon
VFR Altitudes & what altitude do you have to be to comply
○ Must comply above 3000’ AGL
○ East is odd 1000s + 500’, west even 1000s +500’
What’s
Pilotage
Dead reckoning
Pilotage - knowing where you are by reading a map
Dead reckoning - knowing where you are by using time, groundspeed, and distance
Explain METAR and what it stands for
Meteorological Aerodrome Report
○ Current/observed weather updated every 50 minutes past the hour
○ Dewpoint
■ Temperature at which air becomes fully saturated
■ When temperature/dewpoint within 2 celsius, expect fog
What’s TAF stand for, how far can you use it, how long it’s valid, what to do if none
○ Forecast valid 24 hours, updated every 6
○ Only acceptable to use within 5sm of airport
○ If none, use Graphical Forecast Area
What does GFA stand for, when do you use it, what information does it have?
Graphical Forecast Area
○ Available on aviationweather.gov
○ Use when airport does not have a TAF
○ Can see cloud coverage, ceiling, winds, storms, etc
Explain High Pressure and visibility
● Clockwise, outwards, and downwards
● Poor visibility
● Brings higher pressure/density
Explain Low Pressure
● Counterclockwise, inwards, and upwards (think tornados)
● Good visibility
● Includes precipitation because of higher humidity
● Lower pressure/density
Warm front and cloud type
● Slow moving
● Stratiform clouds
● Poor visibility
● Stable Air
● Steady rain
Explain Cold Front, cloud type, and exceptions?
● Cumulus clouds
● Possible thunderstorms
● Showery rain
Explain Stationary Front
● When cold and warm fronts meet and stop movement
● Lingers for a long time
Explain Occluded Front
● When one front catches up to another front moving in the same direction
● Usually cold front catches up to warm
Explain Isobars and wind expectations
■ When close together expect higher winds
■ Pressure measured in millibars
Airmet and what it stands for code names
Airmen’s meteorological information
○ Valid 6 hours
○ Contains moderate weather conditions
○ Tango - Turbulence, >30kt winds, Low level wind shear
○ Sierra - IFR conditions
○ Zulu - Freezing
Types of icing
● Clear ● Rime ● Mixed
Sigmet and what it stands for
Significant meteorological information
○ Valid 4 hours
○ Stronger weather information that will affect safety of all aircraft
○ Severe or greater turbulence
○ sandstorms/ volcanic ash
○ Severe or greater icing
Convective Sigmet n how long valid
○ Valid 2 hours
○ Thunderstorms
○ Winds >50 kt winds
○ Hail dime size or greater
○ Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
Ingredients
○ 3 ingredients
■ Moisture
■ Uplifting action
■ Unstable air
● Normal temp decreases 2 celsius per 1000’, unstable is 3 per 1000’
Thunderstorm 3 stages
● Cumulus
● Mature
● Dissipating
Weather Resources Preflight
■ Aviationweather.gov
■ 1800wxbrief.com
● Foreflight
● Weather Channel
■ Look outside
Weather resources
Inflight
■ ATIS/AWOS/ASOS
■ Onboard Equipment ● ADSB-In
● XM Radio
■ FSS
■ ATC workload permitting
■ Phone with cell service in emergency situations
(PIREPs)
■ Reported by pilots
■ Can report anything
Standard pressure and standard temperature
■ Standard Pressure 29.92” inHg
■ Standard Temperature 15 celsius
Pressure Altitude
altitude at which barometer shows if set to standard pressure
Density altitude
pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
indicated by airspeed indicator on PFD
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
corrects indicated airspeed for instrument position error
True Airspeed (TAS)
calibrated airspeed corrected for nonstandard temperature
The amount of air molecules the airplane is actually flying through
Spin recovery
PARE
power idle, ailerons neutral, rudder full opposite, elevator forward
Day fuel requirements
origin to destination + 30 minutes at normal cruise
Night fuel requirements
School policy fuel requirement
origin to destination + 45 minutes at normal cruise
School origin to destination + 1 hour
How does GPS work and what it stands for
○ Uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in space
Global Positioning System
VOR and what it stands for
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
○ Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing
to/from
Distance Measuring Equipment
○ Uses slant range to determine distance
○ Most inaccurate when directly over the top of an object
○ Inaccuracy negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high
Compass Variation
■ Isogonic lines on sectional depict difference between true north and magnetic north
Compass Deviation
■ Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings
Magnetic Dip
■ As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the ground
Oscillation
■ Mixture of all other errors
Compass Northerly Turning Errors and why
■ Undershoot North
■ Overshoot South
■ A result of magnet dip
● Compass is a magnet, its attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole)
Acceleration Errors
■ Accelerate North
■ Decelerate South
■ A result of magnetic dip
Preflight planning required when flying outside vicinity of home airport
○ Notams
○ Weather
○ Known traffic delays (IFR)
○ Runway lengths of intended use
○ Alternates (Required under IFR)
○ Fuel requirements
○ Takeoff and landing performance data
PAVE
Pilot in command
Aircraft
Environment
External pressures
IMSAFE
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion
Thunderstorm Cumulus stage
● Large updrafts
● Clouds are building in form and height
Thunderstorm mature stage
● Both up/downdrafts
● Extreme precipitation
● Lightning
Thunderstorm dissipating stage
● Mostly downdrafts
● Microburst
