Commerical Flashcards
4 strokes of an engine?
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Explain intake stroke phase
Exhaust valve closes
Intake valve opens
Air fuel mixture is drawn into
Combustion chamber
Piston is moving downwards
Explain compression stroke phase
Intake and exhaust valve close
Crankshaft rotates the piston up to compress the air fuel mixture
Explain power stroke phase
Spark plugs fire as the piston is compressing and the explosion forces the piston down
Explain exhaust stroke phase
Exhaust valve opens
Crankshaft pushes the piston up
Piston pushing the burned gasses through the exhaust valve
What are the left turning tendencies
Torque
Spiraling slipstream
Gyroscopic procession
P-Factor
What is torque
- Force that causes an opposite reaction
- Propeller spins clockwise, airplane wants to spin counterclockwise
Spiraling slipstream
- Prop creates spiral of air that rotates around the fuselage and hits the left side of tail, causing aircraft to yaw left
Gyroscopic Precession
- A force applied is manifested 90 degrees ahead of the direction of rotation
What is P-factor
- In straight and level, both blades of prop have equal AoA
- When in climb/descent, one blade has higher AoA than other, creating more lift to one side, thus yawing to that side
Types of hypoxia & Explained
Hypoxic: Lack of oxygen due to atmospheric conditions
Hypemic: Inability to carry oxygen in blood cells
Stagnant: Lack of oxygen blood circulation pulling G’s
Histotoixc: Inability for body to use the oxygen
What’s standard pressure
1013.25 millibars
High pressure how it moves and conditions
Clockwise outwards, downwards and mostly clear skies poor visibility higher density
Low pressure how it moves and conditions
Counterclockwise inwards upwards leads to good visibility low density and precipitation
Warm front
warm front moves slowly as warm air gradually rises over cooler air, causing gradual temperature increases and clouds
Stratiform clouds
Poor visibility because air is stable and calm
Cold front
A cold front is where colder air pushes under warmer air, causing rapid rising, thunderstorm, and a drop in temperature
Cumulus clouds thunderstorms precipitation
Characteristics of Fwd
Decreased: range, airspeed, flare
Increased: stall recovery, stability, fuel burn
Fwd CG requires the stabilator to produce more downward force to counterbalance the nose-heavy weight
Stabilator
A stabilator is a fully movable horizontal stabilizer that combines the functions of an elevator and a horizontal stabilizer into one surface
What’s a constant speed prop
Constant speed prop is a propeller that uses a governor to select the desired rpm for phase of flight
How does constant speed prop work
It uses a governor that automatically adjusts the angle of the propeller using high pressure oil from the sump and you set the rpm setting using the prop control higher rpm spring compress making flyweights go outwards and more oil to be fed to the hub
Electrical system
Using a alternator
70 amps
Main battery 24 volts
Emergency battery 24 volts 30 min use
Main battery
Emergency battery
ELT battery
Electrical system
Using a alternator
70 amps
Main battery 24 volts
Emergency battery 24 volts 30 min use
Main battery
Emergency battery
ELT battery
Standard pressure & standard temperature
29.92, 15C
Effects of higher & lower density altitude
Higher density altitude is worse for performance lower is better, effects humidity temperature elevation pressure
