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Psychology > Stage 1 Psychology Exam > Flashcards

Stage 1 Psychology Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Psychology

A

The scientific study of thoughts, feelings and behaviour and the factors that influence these.

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2
Q

Define Behaviour. Provide an example.

A

Any observable action made by a living person or animal. Example is eating.

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3
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Data that is collected directly through observation or experimentation.

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4
Q

Why is replication important?

A

The importance of replication in science is that it involves repeating a study to establish whether the results can duplicated and are reliable.

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5
Q

Why do we need to use the scientific method in psychology?

A

Psychology uses the the scientific method to correctly plan, conduct and report research.

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6
Q

Define the Delphi Technique

A

A research method that uses questionnaires and feedback to obtain the opinions of experts in the field of interest.

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7
Q

What are the three measures of central tendencies?

A
  • mean
  • mode
  • median
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8
Q

How is the mean calculated ?

A

Scores in a set added together which are then divided by the amount of scores.

(Average)

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9
Q

Who is the median and mode calculated?

A

Median - middle score in a set of data

Mode - most occurring score in a set

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10
Q

Define ethical standards in psychology

A

Standards that guide individuals to identify good and acceptable conduct.

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11
Q

What are the 6 ethical considerations?

A
  • voluntary participation
  • informed consent
  • deception and debriefing
  • right to withdraw
  • confidentiality
  • accurate reporting
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12
Q

Key ethical principle

A

To minimise harm

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13
Q

What is a focus group?

A

A group interview technique that obtains data through discussion between research participants in a group setting.

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14
Q

Purpose of a focus group technique?

A

The purpose of using this technique is to help people expire and clarify their own views.

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15
Q

Define social psychology

A

The study of how people think, feel and behave in social situations.

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16
Q

What is Zajoncs theory of social facilitation?

Flow chart ?

A

The tendency for the presence of others to enhance performance on simple tasks but to inhibit performance on difficult tasks.

Presence of others - increased arousal - dominant response -
• easy task - enhanced performance
Or
• difficult task - impaired performance

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17
Q

Define social influence.

A

The study of how the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of people are influenced by the actions, either past, present or future of others.

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18
Q

What is group think?

A

Occurs when the members of a group become so intent on reaching an agreement that they do not explore all the possible options.

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19
Q

Individuals are more likely to obey if …

A
  • victim is unknown
  • pressure from a group
  • no group support for resisting
  • personal cost to the individual
  • instructions are given face to face
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20
Q

Define obedience

A

Refers to following the commands of someone with authority or the rules/laws of society.

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21
Q

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

A

Conformity can occur with anyone but obedience only occurs through the influence of authority.

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22
Q

What are the four factors which affect conformity?

A
  • group size
  • presence of an ally
  • awareness of social norms
  • group cohesiveness
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23
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

The tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position.

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24
Q

Causes of group polarisation

A

During discussions with like minded group members

  • may hear others confirm and reinforce their own arguments
  • hear additional points that add to their own arguments
  • adopt a more extreme position and can be seen as being above group average
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25
Q

Define conformity

A

The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with a group to follow or acceptable standards.

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26
Q

Example of conformity

A
  • cults

- peer pressure

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27
Q

Example of obedience

A
  • following instructions from a boss or important member of authority
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28
Q

Define developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology specialising in the study of changes that occur throughout the life span

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29
Q

What are the four areas of human development?

Refer to what each of them mean + an example

A
  • social (changes in a persons ability to interact with others) example is friendships
  • physical (changes in the body and its various systems) example is growing taller
  • emotional (changes in an individual’s experience of different feelings and how they express them) example is feeling sad
  • cognitive (changes in a persons mental abilities) example is learning
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30
Q

What are pigets 4 stages of development and what are the age ranges?

A
  • sensorimotor stage (birth to two years)
  • pre-operational stage (two to seven years)
  • concrete operational stage (seven to twelve years)
  • formal operational stage (twelve and over years)
31
Q

Two accomplishments at the sensorimotor stage

A
  • object permanence

- goal directed behaviour

32
Q

Define object permanence

A

Understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen or touched

33
Q

Define goal directed behaviour

A

Behaviour that has a particular purpose

34
Q

Two accomplishments of the pre-operational stage

A
  • ego-centrism

- animism

35
Q

Define egocentrism

A

Having difficulty seeing or being unable to see things from another persons point of view.

36
Q

Define animism

A

The belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness or awareness.

37
Q

Two accomplishments in the Concrete operational stage

A
  • conservation

- classification

38
Q

Define conservation

A

Understanding that an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance.

39
Q

Define classification

A

The mental ability to organise information into categories based on commons features that set them apart from other groups.

40
Q

Two accomplishments from the formal operational stage

A
  • abstract thinking

- logical thinking

41
Q

What is abstract thinking

A

A way of thinking that does not rely on being able to visualise things in order to understand concepts

42
Q

What is logical thinking

A

The mental ability to reason soundly and systematically on the basis of known information.

43
Q

What is a schema

A

A mental idea of what something is and how to deal with it

44
Q

Define Accommodation

A

The mental process of changing an existing idea in order to fit new information

45
Q

Define assimilation

A

The mental process of taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea about objects or the world.

46
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

A debate that focuses on which has a bigger impact on human development, heredity or environment.

47
Q

Explain continuous development

A

Theory of development that involves gradual and ongoing changes through the life span.

48
Q

Explain discontinuous development

A

A theory of development that involves distinct and separate stages.

49
Q

Random allocation

A

Procedure for allocating participants to the various groups of an experiment and ensuring that it is random.

50
Q

What is the Control group

A

The group in an experiment which is not exposed to the independent variable.

51
Q

What is the experimental group

A

Group in an experiment who is exposed to the independent variable

52
Q

Central route

A

The route to attitude change that is taken when the quality and strength of arguments in a message influence a person.

53
Q

Peripheral route

A

The route to attitude change which is taken when the less essential aspects of a message influence a person

54
Q

How can groupthink be avoided ?

A
  • decision-making groups should make effort to consider all information carefully
  • group should consult with outsiders
  • group should have a leader who encourages constructive criticism
55
Q

What is the standard deviation? How is it calculated?

A

A descriptive statistic that indicates how much, on average, a score differs from the mean.

Each score number subtract the mean and square the result. Work out the average of the squared differences.

56
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable in an experiment which the researcher manipulates in order to asses its effects on the dependent variable

57
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable in an experiment which the researcher measures to asses the effects of the independent variable.

58
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data involving numerical information of what is being studied

59
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data involving the qualities of a participants experience of what is being studied

60
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction of the affects of the independent variable on the dependent variable in an experiment.

61
Q

Pre and post testing

A

Is the process of gathering information before and after giving treatment to check for any changes caused by the treatment

62
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants should be informed about the nature of the research and must be granted consent from a parent if a minor.

63
Q

Voluntary participation

A

All the participants in an experiment have to volunteer on their own will and not be pressured in any way.

64
Q

Confidentially

A

Everyone is entitled to full confidentially and in research there should be no information recorded that could identify people.

65
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Participants have a right to withdraw from the research at any time without an explanation

66
Q

Accurate recording

A

Researchers cannot lie or misrepresent results.

67
Q

Deception/debriefing

A

If deception is used when gaining participants consent then debriefing must occur after the data is collected

68
Q

Four levels of explanation in psychology

A
  • biological processes (body)
  • basic mental processes (cognition)
  • social cultural processes (social/cultural differences)
  • personal processes (differences in behaviour)
69
Q

Importance of sample size

A

Sample size can be a good or poor representation of the population depending on the amount and types of people used.

70
Q

Three investigation types

A
  • experimental
  • quantitative observational
  • qualitative
71
Q

Experimental design advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages

  • one variable causes the other
  • can be replicated
  • results can be generalised from the sample to the population

Disadvantages

  • may not apply to the real world
  • sample may not represent population
  • may have ethical issues
  • many variables cannot be controlled
72
Q

Quantitative observational advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages

  • convenient: especially when research is unethical
  • can be carried out in a natural setting
  • allows entire population to be included

Disadvantages

  • does not always show a relationship
  • observer may be bias
  • natural observations cannot be replicated
73
Q

Qualitative investigation advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages

  • allows study of complex problems
  • focus groups can be used with illiterate people
  • maintains individual data

Disadvantages

  • cannot be replicated
  • researcher may be bias
  • presence of research may change responses
74
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative and quantitative data

A

Qualitative data

  • represent at a time a persons thoughts, feelings and opinions which ultimately shows a persons perspective towards an issue/situation
  • results cannot be easily generalised because the data is open-ended

Quantitative data

  • numerical value which can be easily generalised
  • does not show a persons opinions/feelings

Psychology (6 decks)

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