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Stage 1 Psychology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Psychology

A

The scientific study of thoughts, feelings and behaviour and the factors that influence these.

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2
Q

Define Behaviour. Provide an example.

A

Any observable action made by a living person or animal. Example is eating.

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3
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Data that is collected directly through observation or experimentation.

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4
Q

Why is replication important?

A

The importance of replication in science is that it involves repeating a study to establish whether the results can duplicated and are reliable.

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5
Q

Why do we need to use the scientific method in psychology?

A

Psychology uses the the scientific method to correctly plan, conduct and report research.

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6
Q

Define the Delphi Technique

A

A research method that uses questionnaires and feedback to obtain the opinions of experts in the field of interest.

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7
Q

What are the three measures of central tendencies?

A
  • mean
  • mode
  • median
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8
Q

How is the mean calculated ?

A

Scores in a set added together which are then divided by the amount of scores.

(Average)

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9
Q

Who is the median and mode calculated?

A

Median - middle score in a set of data

Mode - most occurring score in a set

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10
Q

Define ethical standards in psychology

A

Standards that guide individuals to identify good and acceptable conduct.

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11
Q

What are the 6 ethical considerations?

A
  • voluntary participation
  • informed consent
  • deception and debriefing
  • right to withdraw
  • confidentiality
  • accurate reporting
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12
Q

Key ethical principle

A

To minimise harm

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13
Q

What is a focus group?

A

A group interview technique that obtains data through discussion between research participants in a group setting.

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14
Q

Purpose of a focus group technique?

A

The purpose of using this technique is to help people expire and clarify their own views.

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15
Q

Define social psychology

A

The study of how people think, feel and behave in social situations.

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16
Q

What is Zajoncs theory of social facilitation?

Flow chart ?

A

The tendency for the presence of others to enhance performance on simple tasks but to inhibit performance on difficult tasks.

Presence of others - increased arousal - dominant response -
• easy task - enhanced performance
Or
• difficult task - impaired performance

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17
Q

Define social influence.

A

The study of how the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of people are influenced by the actions, either past, present or future of others.

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18
Q

What is group think?

A

Occurs when the members of a group become so intent on reaching an agreement that they do not explore all the possible options.

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19
Q

Individuals are more likely to obey if …

A
  • victim is unknown
  • pressure from a group
  • no group support for resisting
  • personal cost to the individual
  • instructions are given face to face
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20
Q

Define obedience

A

Refers to following the commands of someone with authority or the rules/laws of society.

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21
Q

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

A

Conformity can occur with anyone but obedience only occurs through the influence of authority.

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22
Q

What are the four factors which affect conformity?

A
  • group size
  • presence of an ally
  • awareness of social norms
  • group cohesiveness
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23
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

The tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position.

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24
Q

Causes of group polarisation

A

During discussions with like minded group members

  • may hear others confirm and reinforce their own arguments
  • hear additional points that add to their own arguments
  • adopt a more extreme position and can be seen as being above group average
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25
Define conformity
The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with a group to follow or acceptable standards.
26
Example of conformity
- cults | - peer pressure
27
Example of obedience
- following instructions from a boss or important member of authority
28
Define developmental psychology
A branch of psychology specialising in the study of changes that occur throughout the life span
29
What are the four areas of human development? Refer to what each of them mean + an example
- social (changes in a persons ability to interact with others) example is friendships - physical (changes in the body and its various systems) example is growing taller - emotional (changes in an individual's experience of different feelings and how they express them) example is feeling sad - cognitive (changes in a persons mental abilities) example is learning
30
What are pigets 4 stages of development and what are the age ranges?
- sensorimotor stage (birth to two years) - pre-operational stage (two to seven years) - concrete operational stage (seven to twelve years) - formal operational stage (twelve and over years)
31
Two accomplishments at the sensorimotor stage
- object permanence | - goal directed behaviour
32
Define object permanence
Understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen or touched
33
Define goal directed behaviour
Behaviour that has a particular purpose
34
Two accomplishments of the pre-operational stage
- ego-centrism | - animism
35
Define egocentrism
Having difficulty seeing or being unable to see things from another persons point of view.
36
Define animism
The belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness or awareness.
37
Two accomplishments in the Concrete operational stage
- conservation | - classification
38
Define conservation
Understanding that an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance.
39
Define classification
The mental ability to organise information into categories based on commons features that set them apart from other groups.
40
Two accomplishments from the formal operational stage
- abstract thinking | - logical thinking
41
What is abstract thinking
A way of thinking that does not rely on being able to visualise things in order to understand concepts
42
What is logical thinking
The mental ability to reason soundly and systematically on the basis of known information.
43
What is a schema
A mental idea of what something is and how to deal with it
44
Define Accommodation
The mental process of changing an existing idea in order to fit new information
45
Define assimilation
The mental process of taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea about objects or the world.
46
Nature vs nurture
A debate that focuses on which has a bigger impact on human development, heredity or environment.
47
Explain continuous development
Theory of development that involves gradual and ongoing changes through the life span.
48
Explain discontinuous development
A theory of development that involves distinct and separate stages.
49
Random allocation
Procedure for allocating participants to the various groups of an experiment and ensuring that it is random.
50
What is the Control group
The group in an experiment which is not exposed to the independent variable.
51
What is the experimental group
Group in an experiment who is exposed to the independent variable
52
Central route
The route to attitude change that is taken when the quality and strength of arguments in a message influence a person.
53
Peripheral route
The route to attitude change which is taken when the less essential aspects of a message influence a person
54
How can groupthink be avoided ?
- decision-making groups should make effort to consider all information carefully - group should consult with outsiders - group should have a leader who encourages constructive criticism
55
What is the standard deviation? How is it calculated?
A descriptive statistic that indicates how much, on average, a score differs from the mean. Each score number subtract the mean and square the result. Work out the average of the squared differences.
56
Independent variable
Variable in an experiment which the researcher manipulates in order to asses its effects on the dependent variable
57
Dependent variable
Variable in an experiment which the researcher measures to asses the effects of the independent variable.
58
Quantitative data
Data involving numerical information of what is being studied
59
Qualitative data
Data involving the qualities of a participants experience of what is being studied
60
Hypothesis
A testable prediction of the affects of the independent variable on the dependent variable in an experiment.
61
Pre and post testing
Is the process of gathering information before and after giving treatment to check for any changes caused by the treatment
62
Informed consent
Participants should be informed about the nature of the research and must be granted consent from a parent if a minor.
63
Voluntary participation
All the participants in an experiment have to volunteer on their own will and not be pressured in any way.
64
Confidentially
Everyone is entitled to full confidentially and in research there should be no information recorded that could identify people.
65
Right to withdraw
Participants have a right to withdraw from the research at any time without an explanation
66
Accurate recording
Researchers cannot lie or misrepresent results.
67
Deception/debriefing
If deception is used when gaining participants consent then debriefing must occur after the data is collected
68
Four levels of explanation in psychology
- biological processes (body) - basic mental processes (cognition) - social cultural processes (social/cultural differences) - personal processes (differences in behaviour)
69
Importance of sample size
Sample size can be a good or poor representation of the population depending on the amount and types of people used.
70
Three investigation types
- experimental - quantitative observational - qualitative
71
Experimental design advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - one variable causes the other - can be replicated - results can be generalised from the sample to the population Disadvantages - may not apply to the real world - sample may not represent population - may have ethical issues - many variables cannot be controlled
72
Quantitative observational advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - convenient: especially when research is unethical - can be carried out in a natural setting - allows entire population to be included Disadvantages - does not always show a relationship - observer may be bias - natural observations cannot be replicated
73
Qualitative investigation advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - allows study of complex problems - focus groups can be used with illiterate people - maintains individual data Disadvantages - cannot be replicated - researcher may be bias - presence of research may change responses
74
Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative and quantitative data
Qualitative data - represent at a time a persons thoughts, feelings and opinions which ultimately shows a persons perspective towards an issue/situation - results cannot be easily generalised because the data is open-ended Quantitative data - numerical value which can be easily generalised - does not show a persons opinions/feelings

Psychology (6 decks)

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