Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ABDN Year 3 > St A - Pathology of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

St A - Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common disorders of the prostate?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Carcinoma, prostatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is benign nodular hyperplasia?

A
  • Non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate which is associated with hormonal imbalance. It obstructs urine flow and is associated with infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does benign nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia) effect?

A

Normally the transition zone of the prostate plus peri-urethral glands. Results in nodules of glands and stroma. It can also involve the peri-urethral zone interferes with urethral sphincter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of urinary retention caused by BPH?

A

Acute - Painful,

Chronic - Painless and more gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some of the complications of BPH?

A
  • Compression of the urethra,
  • Nodular enlargement of prostate gland,
  • Diverticulum,
  • Muscular hypertrophy,
  • Bilateral hydroureter,
  • Bilateral hydronephrosis,
  • kidney infections, renal failure, calculi and septicaemia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the difference in symptoms between BPH and prostate carcinoma

A
  • BPH tends to effect the peri-urethral zone which results in urinary symptoms early whereas carcinomas tend to occur in the subcapsular zone and therefore doesn’t produce symptoms till late one.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe general features of prostatic carcinomas?

A

Adenocarcinomas usually occurs in 50+ years mainly the posterior subcapsular area, has asymmetric enlargement and metastasis to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the precursor for prostatic carcinomas?

A

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the spread and clinical features of prostatic carcinomas

A

Gleason score measures differentiation and distribution. TNM staging and they present with urinary symptoms, incidental finding on rectal exam, bone metastases and lymph node metastasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you diagnose prostatic carcinomas?

A
  • Imaging (US, Xray)
  • Cystoscopy,
  • Biochemistry,
  • Haematological,
  • Biopsy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic carcinoma?

A
  • Oestrogenic,
  • GnRH analogues,
  • Orchidectomy (removal of one or both testicles),
  • Radiotherapy,
  • Radicle prostatectomy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some pathologies of the penis and scrotum? (congenital, inflammation and tumours

A

Sexually transmitted,

  • Congenital; Hypospadias and Epispadias,
  • Inflammation and infections; Phimosis and paraphimosis.
  • Tumours - Bowen’s disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypospadias and epispadias?

A

H- Urethral opening on inferior aspect.

E - Often accompanied by abnormal development of the bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is phimosis and paraphimosis

A

Phimosis - Inability to retract the foreskin,

Paraphimosis - foreskin can no longer be pulled over the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name some pathologies that can affect the urethra?

A

Obstruction (congenital valves, rupture and stricture),

  • Urethritis (Gonococcal and non-gonococcal),
  • Rupture,
  • Tumours (warts and transitional cell carcinoma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some of the developmental and cystic lesions of the testies?

A

Undescended testies (risk factor for cancer), hydrocoele and haematocoele

17
Q

What are some causes of orchitis?

A
  • Mumps orchitis,
  • Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis,
  • Symphilitic orchitis
18
Q

What are the two most common types of testicular carcinomas?

A
  • Teratoma (peak incidence 20-30years, more agressive),

- Seminoma (peak incidence 30-50 years)

19
Q

What are the different categories of seminomas and teratomas?

A

Seminomas - Classical, spermatocytic, anaplastic, combined.

Teratoma - Differentiated, intermediate, undifferentiated and trophoblastic.

20
Q

What are some other germ cell tumours?

A
  • Intratubular germ cell neoplasia,
  • Yolk sac tumour (AFP is a useful marker),
  • Combined germ cell tumours.
21
Q

What are some non-germ cell tumours?

A
  • Malignant lymphoma,
  • Leydig cell tumour,
  • Sertoli cell tumour,
  • Metastatic tumours.
22
Q

What is significant is about testicular tumours and what is their presentation?

A

They can present with painless unilateral enlargement of testies, secondary hydrocele, symptoms of metastasis however they metastasis to para-aortic lymphnodes so aren’t palpable. Retroperitoneal mass and gynaecomastia

23
Q

What are some causes of mail infertility?

A
  • Endocrine disorders (gnRH deficiency, oestrogen excess),
  • Testicular lesions (cryptochidism, abnormal spermatogensis)
  • Post testicular lesions (obstruction of efferent ducts
24
Q

What are some abnormalities of the epididymis and spermatic cord?

A

Congenital, epididymis cysts and spermatocoeles, varicocele, torsion of the spermatic cord and testies, inflammatory lesions and tumours

ABDN Year 3 (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions