St A - Female Repro Pathology 1 Flashcards
What are benign breast diseases?
A heterogenous group of lesions including developmental abnormalities, inflammatory lesions, epithelial and stromal proliferations and neoplasms
How are the majority of benign breast diseases diagnosed?
With use of mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging of the breast and needle biopsys therefore most diagnoses don’t require surgery.
What is a core biopsy (tru-cut) used for and what is a complication?
It provides a specimen for histology and it can lead to fat necrosis
What is fibrocystic change?
A benign breast disease which is a nonproliferative change that includes microscopic cysts, apocrine metaplasia, mild epithelial hyperplasia, adenosis and increase in fibrous stroma
Describe features of proliferative breast disease?
Without atypia - 2 fold increase of developing a carcinoma over 5-15 years.
With atypia - 5 fold increase
What is the most common benign breast condition in men and its features
Gynaecomastia which is hyperplasia of male breast stromal and ductal tissue. Caused by increase in oestrogen to androgen ratio
Name some benign breast tumours
- Fibroadenoma,
- Duct papilloma,
- Adenoma,
- Connective tissue tumours
Describe some features of fibroadenomas
- Arising from breast lobules, they are well circumscribed and highly mobile. They can be difficult to differentiate from Phyllodes tumours (sarcomas)
Describe the differences between fibrocystic change vs fibroadenoma
FCC - Most common benign breast condition, it may be painful and when aspirated there is straw/green coloured fluid.
Fibroadenoma - Typically painless, well circumscribed mobile mass.
What are some risk factors for breast cancer?
- alcoholic beverages,
- Oestrogen-progestogen contraceptives/menopausal therapy,
- X-ray/gamma radiation,
- Obesity,
- adult attained height
What are the two forms of non-invasive precursors?
- Ductal carcinoma in situ.
- Lobular carcinoma in situ
What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?
Associated with underlying in situ or invasive carcinoma. Leads too erosion of the nipple that resembles eczema
What are prognostic factors for breast cancer?
- Tumour type,
- Tumour grade,
- Tumour stage,
- Oestrogen receptors,
- HER-2 amplification
What are some screening strategies for breast cancer?
- Self examination,
- Clinical breast examination,
- Mammography,
- Ultrasonography,
- MRI
These are been very effective in saving lives
What are some breast changes that would make you suspect breast cancer?
- Lump,
- Pilled in nipple,
- Dimpling,
- Nipple discharge,
- Redness/rash,
- Skin changes
