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Psychology year 2 > SSR exam 1 > Flashcards

SSR exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

justificiation

A

when we ask for a reason

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2
Q

argument

A

to attempt to persuade by giving good reasons

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3
Q

rhetoric

A

any verbal or written attempt to persuade someone to believe desire or do something that does not attempt to give good reasons for the belief desire or action, but attempts to motivate that belief desire or action solely thought the power of the words used

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4
Q

premises

A

the supporting claims, he ones intended to give us reasons for accepting the conlcusion

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5
Q

proposition

A

factual content expressed by a declarative sentence on a particular occasion

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6
Q

an argument

A

a set of propositions of which one is a conclusion and the remainder are premises, intended as sport for the conclusion

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7
Q

indexicals

A

the meaning of an indexical changes relative to its context of use or relative to the person to whom it refers

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8
Q

inference bar

A

the line between premises and conclusions, purpose is to distinguish steps in reasoning. the bar should be read as ‘therefore’

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9
Q

implicit conclusions

A

conclusions sometimes remain unexpressed. they are only implied or suggested by the actual text or speech content, not explicitely expressed by it.

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10
Q

premise indicators

A

there are certain words that usually but not always indicate the presence of premises

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11
Q

justificiation

A

we want the person to give us an argument for why the action is reasonable or acceptable

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12
Q

criterion validity

A

whether you can establish that an instrument measures what it claims to measure through comparison to objective criteria

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13
Q

concurrent validity

A

when data are recorded simulateously using the new instrument and existing criteria

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14
Q

predicitive validity

A

when data from the new instrument are used to predict observations at a later point in time

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15
Q

content validity

A

with self report measures it is assessed the degree to which individual items represent the construct being measured, and if it covers full range of the construct

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16
Q

test retest reliabilty

A

reliable instrument will produce similar scores at both points in time

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17
Q

unsystematic variation

A

small differences in performance created by unknown factors

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18
Q

systematic variation

A

differences in performance created by a. specific experimental manipulation

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19
Q

leptokurtic

A

a distribution with many scores in the tails and pointy top

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20
Q

platykurtic

A

a distribution with negative kurtosis is thin in the tails and tends to be flatter than normal

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21
Q

mode

A

score that occurs most frequently in the data set

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22
Q

median

A

middle score when scores are ranked in order of magnitude

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23
Q

quantiles

A

values that split a data set into equal portions.

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24
Q

percentiles

A

points that split the data into 100 equal parts

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25
Q

noniles

A

points that split the data into nine equal parts

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26
Q

deviance

A

the difference between each score and the mean

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27
Q

sum of squared scores

A

add the squared deviances

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28
Q

logical benchmark

A

consistency of belief. making deductively valid inferences

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29
Q

probabilistic benchmark

A

consistency of degrees of belief. updating beliefs in accordance with rules of probability

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30
Q

rational decision benchmark

A

consistency of preference & choice. deciding in a manner that maximises expected utility

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31
Q

belief bias

A

existing assumptions are an obstacle to a fully rational analysis

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32
Q

normative

A

calculate relative frequency

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33
Q

fit

A

the degree to which a statistical model represents the data collected

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34
Q

central limit theorem

A

as samples get large, the sampling distribution has a normal distribution with a mean equal to the population mean

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35
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

property of individual words and phrases that occurs when the word or phrase has more than one meaning. thus two or more separate extensions

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36
Q

extenstion

A

the set or group of things to which an expression applies

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37
Q

syntactic ambiguity

A

occurs when the arrangement of words in a sentence is such that the sentence could be understood in more than one way (as expressing more than one proposition)

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38
Q

meaning of a word or expression is vague when

A

it is indefinite or if it is uncertain what is conveyed by the word in the context under consideration

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39
Q

primary connotation

A

something falls within the extension of a term if and only if these conditions are met

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40
Q

secondary connotation

A

characteristics that the things within the extension usually exhibit but not necessarily

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41
Q

metaphors

A

function by bringing only the secondary connotation of a word into play. a tsunami of islamisation

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42
Q

rhetorical questions

A

take the form of a question but indirectly assert a proposition , not really used to ask a question but make a point in a indirect way

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43
Q

irony

A

this takes the form of language that would convey the opposite of what they wish to convey, r something otherwise very different from it

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44
Q

implicitly relative

A

they make a comparison with some group of things but that comparison is not explicitly mentioned.

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45
Q

quantifiers

A

are words and phrases that tell us how many/much of something there are/is, or how often something happens

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46
Q

counterexamples

A

cases that we use to challenge the truth of a generalising claim

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47
Q

generalisations

A

a statement about a category of things

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48
Q

soft generalisations

A

when we want to express the idea that such and such tends to be true of certain things normally, typically generally usually on average for the most part.

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49
Q

hard generalisation

A

does intend it to apply without exception. such a generalisation is rightly conveyed by a quantifier such as ‘all, every no always never’

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50
Q

rhetorical force

A

not part of the propositional content that it expresses, rather it is the emotive or otherwise suggestive window dressing surrounding the proposition which may be used to persuade us

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51
Q

implicature

A

meaning which is not stated but which one can reasonably take to be intended given the context in which the sentence is written or uttered

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52
Q

definitions

A

tells us what it takes for something to qualify as a particular type of thing

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53
Q

fallacies

A

are argumentative, they give reasons why their conclusion should be accepted, but they constitute bad reasoning

54
Q

rhetorical ploys

A

are non argumentative, some of these persuasive devices may pretend to provide reasons for accepting a claim but their real persuasive capacity depends on something non argumentative

55
Q

trading on an equivocation

A

this ploy deliberately exploits the ambiguity, and in some cases the vagueness of a word or phrase in the given context. although nothing false is claimed the speaker or writer manages to influence our actions or beliefs by misleading us.

56
Q

trading on implicature

A

tactic of using a statements implicature to mislead the audience

57
Q

many questions aka leading question or complex question

A

tactic of posing a question that appears to seek an explanation for some proposition misleadingly implying that p is true ‘are you still beating your wife?

58
Q

red herring

A

is still an attempt to persuade an argument ; it gives reasons for accepting a claim, just not good reasons

59
Q

buzzwords

A

the technique of using fashionable or otherwise currently ‘hot’ words or phrases that are loaded with rhetorical power due to their rich secondary connotation

60
Q

jargon

A

way of speaking or writing that uses words or phrases that are likely to be unfamiliar to most of the audience, or which uses familiar words in unfamiliar way

61
Q

acronyms

A

series of initials used as though they are a word to provide an abbreviation for a name or phrase ‘lol, obj’ etc

62
Q

spin

A

way of referring to techniques that employ rhetorical ploys to good effect in influencing peoples opinions

63
Q

propositions

A

a set of premises advanced in support of a conclusion

64
Q

principle of charity

A

we should always choose the best reconstruction of a given argument. that way we discover reasons for accepting or rejecting particular propositions advancing the cause of knowledge

65
Q

inferences

A

extended arguments may contain more than one reference, and each one is subject to being valid or invalid.

66
Q

an argument is valid when

A

it would be impossible for all the premises of the argument to be true, but the conclusion false

67
Q

prescriptive claims

A

claims which state or express desires norms and moral rules

68
Q

descriptive claims

A

claims that are fact stating

69
Q

deductively sound argument

A

when an argument has accomplished its purpose ; that it has demonstrated its conclusion to be true.

70
Q

deductively unsound

A

argument which has one or more false premises, or is invalid or both

71
Q

inductive force

A

if the premises are true then so must be the conclusion

72
Q

deductively valid argument

A

the premises cannot be true and the conclusion false

73
Q

degree of rational expectation

A

a persons degree of rational expectation in a given proposition is the degree to which he or she is entitled to believe it, given the evidence he or she has

74
Q

conditional probability

A

the degree to which would be reasonable to accept a certain proposition, given no other relevant info except that contained within a certain seat of propositions

75
Q

inductively sound

A

it is inductively forceful and its premises are (actually) true

76
Q

inductive inference

A

it is not deductively valid, its premises include a generalisation about a sample of a given population, and its conclusion extrapolates the generalisation to all or part of the total population from which the sample is drawn

77
Q

experiment wise error rate/family wise

A

the probability that one or more of the significance tests results in a Type I error.

78
Q

bonferonni correction

A

if we conduct 10 tests, we use 0.005 as our criterion for significance. in doing so, we ensure that the cumulative type 1 error remains below 0.05

79
Q

empirical probability

A

the proportion of events that have the outcome in which your interested in an indefinitely large collective of events

80
Q

publication bias

A

significant findings are about seven times more likely to be published than non significant ones

81
Q

p-hacking

A

researchers degrees of freedoms that lead to the selective reporting of significant p-values

82
Q

HARking

A

the practice in research articles of presenting a hypothesis that was made after data collection as though it were made before data collection

83
Q

effect size

A

objective and usually standardised measure of the magnitude of observed effect

84
Q

odds ratio

A

a poplar effect size for counts

85
Q

the odds of an event occurring

A

is defined as the probability of an event occurring dividedby the probability of that event not occurring

86
Q

bayesian statistics

A

is using data you collect to update your beliefs about a model parameter or a hypothesis

87
Q

bayes’ theorem

A

sites that the conditional probability of two events can be obtained from their individual probabilities and the inverse conditional probability.

88
Q

posterior probability

A

our belief in a hypothesis (or parameter) after we have considered the data

89
Q

prior probability

A

belief in a hypothesis (or parameter) before considering the data

90
Q

marginal likelihood

A

probability of the observed data

91
Q

likelihood

A

the probability that the observed data could be produced given the hypothesis or model being considered

92
Q

credible interval

A

the limits between which 95% of values fall in the posterior distribution fall

93
Q

prior odds

A

which compare the probability of the alternative hypothesis to the null before you look at the data

94
Q

bayes factor

A

the degree to which our beliefs change because of looking at the data

95
Q

connecting premise

A

the premise which had to be made explicit in order to make the argument valid

96
Q

independent t-test

A

used when u want to compare two means that come from conditions consisting of different entities

97
Q

paied samples t -test

A

also known as the dependent t test, is used when u want to compare two means that come from conditions consisting of the same or related entities

98
Q

standard error of differences

A

the standard deviation of this sampling distribution (a freqyency distribution of difference between means of pairs of samples wed get the sampling distributions of differences between means)

99
Q

variance sum law

A

the variance of the sampling distribution of differences between two sample means will be equal to the sum of the variances of the two populations from which the samples were taken

100
Q

rationally unpersuasive

A

when an argument is deductively sound and deductively valid but you don’t know it’s truth-value of the conclusion.

101
Q

to say that an inductively forceful argument is defeated for a person is to say

A

the person reasonably believes the premises, but nevrethelesss, reasonably rejects the conclusion

102
Q

conditional proof

A

that takes the form of asserting a conditional, and proving that the antecedent of the conditional necessarily leads to the consequent

103
Q

formal fallacies

A

failures of logical connection

104
Q

substantive (or informal) fallacies

A

the impact false or dubious premise will be of general nature, having nothing specifically to do with the subject matter of the argument

105
Q

affirming the consequent of a conditional

A

if P then Q, Q, so P. invalid

106
Q

fallacy of deriving ought from is

A

zwarte piet discussie

107
Q

base rate fallacy

A

the proportion of one group that has a certain feature is higher than the proportion o another group that has that feature.

108
Q

common practice

A

tactic of attempting to persuade someone to do something they shouldn’t do by giving them the justification that everyone does it.

109
Q

gamblers fallacy

A

stems from a misunderstanding of the factors that can influence probability.

110
Q

ad hominem

A

will depend upon underlying general assumptions referring to certain characteristics or beliefs of arguers.

111
Q

ad hominem circumstantial

A

occurs when someones argument in favour of doing or believing something is discounted on the grounds that they would allegedly benefit from our doing or believing it.

112
Q

tu quoque

A

the fallacy is committed when we reject a persons claim that a behaviour or proposal should be refrained from or discarded on the grounds that they themselves practise that behaviour.

113
Q

appeal to authority

A

also involves mistaken assumptions about people mentioned by an argument. it is committed when an argument makes an unjustified appeal to an alleged authority

114
Q

the perfectionist fallacy

A

occurs when we place excessive demands on an idea or a proposal and then reject it purely on the grounds that it will not completely solve a problem.

115
Q

conflation of morality with legality

A

mistake of assuming that anything legal but be moral or, conversely that anything illegal must be immoral

116
Q

weak annalogy

A

I don’t see what’s all the fuss about guns you can kill someone with a hockey stick but I don’t see anyone propose to ban hockey sticks

117
Q

post hoc ergo propter hoc (causal fallacies)

A

the fallacy occurs when we mistakenly infer that an event X caused an event Y merely on the basis that Y occurred after X.

118
Q

fallacy of mistaking correlation for cause

A

is committed when a statistical correlation is assumed, without any further justification to establish a causal relation

119
Q

inversion of cause and effect

A

the proposition that a lack of something causes X does not entail the proposition that the rpresence o fstat thing causes the opposite of X

120
Q

appeal to ignorance

A

fallacy of concluding either that because a claim has not been proven it must be false(the negative form) or that because it has not been disproved it must be true (the positive form)

121
Q

epistemic fallacy

A

Chris believes that the US president enjoys basketball. Obama is the US president therefore Chris believes that Barack Obama enjoys basketball.

122
Q

equivocation

A

the ploy whereby we deliberately use a word or form of words with the intenttion to confuse the audience

123
Q

red herring

A

is used to throw someone of the scent of ones argument by distracting them with an irrelevance.

124
Q

slippery slope

A

if you accept one thing, that eventually will lead to more things. legalising cannabis will lead to more use of harder drugs

125
Q

floodgates

A

the argues allege without evidence that allowing X will inevitably pen the floodgates to Y and Z

126
Q

straw man

A

used when an arguer ignores their opponents real position on an issue and sets up a weaker version of that position by misrepresentation, exaggeration distortion or simplification

127
Q

begging the question

A

cirkel redenering

128
Q

false dilemma

A

the technique of limiting consideration of positions on an issue to fewer alternatives than are actually available to be considered. arguer pretends that there are only two options when infact there are more

129
Q

relative risk

A

a measure of the difference in risk between someone taking the medication that’s being trialled and someone who’s not taking it.

130
Q

disjunctive syllogism

A

p or q, not q, so p

131
Q

hypothetical syllogism/chain

A

if p then q, if q then r, if p then r

Psychology year 2 (9 decks)

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