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Psychology year 2 > fundamentals exam 2 > Flashcards

fundamentals exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The mind body problem

A

issue of how the mind is related to the brain; three main views : dualism, materialism and functionalism

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2
Q

dualism

A

view of th emind-body relation according to which the mind is immaterial and completely independent of the body; central within religions and also in descartes’ philosophy

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3
Q

consciousness

A

word referring to th eprivate, first person experiences an individual lvies through; contians all the mental states a peson is aware of; part of the mind that an be examiend with introsprection

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4
Q

free will

A

situation in whch individuals can choose their course of action; choice is the outcome of an informed deliberation

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5
Q

phlogiston

A

substance that was beleived to make materials flammable before the chemical processes of combustion were understood

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6
Q

vital force

A

animistic substance thought ot be present in living matter before the chemical and biological differences between living and non-living matter were understood

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7
Q

materialism

A

view about the relaitonship between the mind and brain that considers the mind as the brain in operation

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8
Q

folk psychology

A

collection of beliefs lay people have about psychological functioning; efforts made to verify them empirically or to check them for their internal coherence

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9
Q

identity problem

A

th edifficulty the materialistic theory of the mind-brain relationship has to explain how two events can be experienced as the same despite the fact tht their realisation in the brain differs

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10
Q

functionalism

A

the theory that the design of an object should be determined by its function rather than by aesthetic considerations, and that anything practically designed will be inherently beautifu//// turing machine; predicts that the mind can be copied onto another turing machine

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11
Q

thought experiment

A

hypothetical scenario that helps with theunderstanding of a philosophical argument

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12
Q

memes

A

information unit proposed by Dawkins that reproduces itself acordin to the principles of the evaluationary theory (variation, selection and replication

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13
Q

symbol grounding problem

A

the finding that representations (symbols) used in computations require a reference to some external reality in order to get meaning

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14
Q

embodied cognition

A

the conviction that the interactions between the human body and the environment form the grounding (meaning) of human cognition

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15
Q

access consciousness

A

access consciousness information can be reported by the patient, used for reasoning and acted upon intentionally

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16
Q

phenomenological consciousness

A

refers to the fact that human experiences possess subjective qualities that seem to defy description; experiences have a meaning that goes beyond formal report (semantics instead of syntax)

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17
Q

masked priming

A

experimental technique to investigate unconscious information processing, consisting of briefly presenting a prime between a forward meaningless mask and a subsequent target, and examining the effect of the prime on the processing of the target

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18
Q

global workspace model

A

model that explains the role of consciousness by analogy to a theatre: unconsciousness is meant to make some information available to the whole brain, so that the various background processes can align their functioning to what is going on centrally

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19
Q

chinese room

A

thought experiment proposed by searle to illustrate the difference between informaton processing in humans and infomration processing in computers

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20
Q

qualia

A

qualities of conscious thoughts that vie the thoughts a rich and vivid meaning, grounded in interactions with the world

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21
Q

zombie thought experiment

A

thought experiment proposed by chalmers to illustrate that consiousness is more than the owrking of the brain or the implementation of information on a turing machine because it involves a subjective component with qualia

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22
Q

hard problem

A

name given by chalmers to refer to the difficulty of explaining in waht respects consciousness is more than accounted for on the basis of functionalism///
he says research only deals with which brain rprocesses are at the basis of which experiences, but the real mystery is why do we have qualia at all?

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23
Q

associative learning

A

learning of simple associations (correlations) between all types of events; thought to be the basis of automatic, type 1 thinking

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24
Q

heuristic based thinkers

A

those who think based on heuristics, rules of thumb that do not require as much effort as the scientific method and that most of the time result in good decisions, but that are subject to a number of biases

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25
Q

correspondence theory of truth

A

a statement is true when it corresponds with reality. assumes that there is a physical realty which has priority and which the human mind tries to understand. first formulated by aristotle

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26
Q

scepticism

A

philosophical view that does not deny the existence of a physical reality, but denies that humans can have reliable knowledge of it; first formulated by pyrrho of ellis

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27
Q

deductive reasoning

A

form of reasoning in which one starts from known statements and deduces new conclusions. type of reasoning stressed in rationalism. used in science to formulate hypotheses on the basis of existing theories so that the theories can be tested

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28
Q

inductive reasoning

A

first observations then conclusion or theory///form of reasoning in whcih likely conclusions are drawn on the basis of a series of convergent observations. the conclusion is not necessarily true.

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29
Q

demarcation

A

setting and marking the boundaries of a concept; used, for instance in the philosophy of science to denote attempts to define the specificity of science

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30
Q

philosophy of science

A

branch of philosophy that studies the foundations of scientific research, to better understand the position of scientific research relative to other forms of information acquisition and generation

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31
Q

logical positivism

A

philosophical movement in the fist half of the 20th century, claiming that philosophy should stop thinking about metaphysics, and instead try to understnd the essence of the scientific approach, central tenet was the verification principle

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32
Q

verificationism

A

adherence to the principle that a proposition is meaningful only if it can be verified as true or false; with resepct to science states that a proposition is scientific only if it can be verified through objective, value-free observationx

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33
Q

falsificationism

A

view within the philosophy of science that statements are scientific only if they can be falsified empirically

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34
Q

hypothetico deductive method

A

model introduced by popper to understand the scientific method; on the basis of observation, induction and educated guess work, a theory of a phenomenon is formulated; the correctness of the theory is evaluated by the formullation of a testable prediction (hypothesis) on the basis of deductive reasoningl the prediction is subsequently put to a falsification test, which provides new observational data for further theorising

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35
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency people have to search for evidence that confirms their opinion: goes against falsificationism

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36
Q

ad hoc modifications

A

modifications to a theory that according to popper make the theory less falsifiable; decrease the scientific value of the theory

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37
Q

paradigm

A

notion introducced by kuhn to refer to the fact tha tscientists share a set of common views of what the discipline is about and how problems must be investigated

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38
Q

degenerative research programme

A

notion introduced by lagatos to indicate a paradigm that does not allow researchers to make new predictions and that requires an increasing number of ad hoc modifications to account for the empirical findings

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39
Q

progressive research programme

A

notion introduced by lakatos to indicate a paradigm that allows researchers to make new, hitherto unexpected predictions that can be tested empirically

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40
Q

realism

A

view withn philosophy that human knowledge tries to reveal real things in the world; the truth of knowledge is determined by the correspondence of the knowledge with the real world

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41
Q

idealism

A

view within philosophy that human knowledge is a construction of the mind and does not necessarily correspond to an outside world; the truth of knowledge depends on coherence with the rest of the knowledge in the social group

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42
Q

postmodernists

A

in the philosophy of sience, someone who questions the special status of science and sees scientific explanations as stories told by oarticular group of scientists

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43
Q

social construction

A

notion used by postmodernists to indicate that scientific knowledge is not objective knowledge discovering the workings of an external reality, but a story told by a particular scientific comunity on the basis of its language and culture§

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44
Q

science wars

A

notion used by the postmodernists to refer to their attacks against the special status of science and their unmasking of scientific knowledge as a social cosntruction

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45
Q

pragmatism

A

view within philosophy that human knowledge is information about how to cope with the world; the truth of knowledge depends on the success one has in engaging with the world, on what works

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46
Q

shell-shock

A

anxiety response on battlefield that prevents soldiers from functioning properly; was one of the first topics addressed by applied psychology

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47
Q

efficacy of therapies

A

measure to indicate how much improvement a therapy brings to patients

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48
Q

social management

A

managament and control of deviant individuals and individuals in need by official social services

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49
Q

welfare state

A

socio-political system in which individuals insure themselves against setbacks via taxes, which are used by th state to provide welfare services

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50
Q

authenticity test

A

test to determine whether a personis who he/she pretends to be and to ascertain guilt or innocence

51
Q

qualifying test

A

test to find the best person for a task

52
Q

diagnostic test

A

test to determine which condition a person has

53
Q

reliability

A

the degree to which the iutcome of a test is the same if the test is repeated under unchanged circumstnces or if an equivalent test is used

54
Q

validity

A

the degree to whcih a test measures what it claims to measure; determined by correlating the test results with an external criterion

55
Q

implicit personality theory

A

mixture of stereotypes and individuating information about the associations of personal charactristics that people use to make predictions about how others will behave in social relations

56
Q

standardised psych test

A

testthat psychologists have examined for reliability and validity, for which they have information about the expected performance, and which is administered in a uniform way

57
Q

achievement test

A

standardised test which measures the knowledge of a particular topic or set of topics

58
Q

personality traits

A

basic dimension used to describe differences in personality vetween people, is often bipolar with opposites at the extremes (introvert vs extrovert

59
Q

industrial psychology

A

first theory about how work should be organised; strongly influenced by taylor’s scientific management: employees were the hands of the company that would accept any work if remunerated enough; tasks that had to be made simple so that everyone could do the without much practice

60
Q

human relations movement

A

second main theory of how work should be organised; stressed the humanity of the employees and the importance of social relations

61
Q

human resource management

A

third main theory of how work should be organised: stressed the desire for self actualisation in employees; employees will perform best if given autonomy and authority

62
Q

pseudohistory of science

A

text that looks like a history of science, but that contains systematic errors because of a desire to present the research as more impressive and important than it was and to depict the scientist as a genius who has to battle against the lack of understanding and appreciation by peers

63
Q

metaphor

A

in science, stands for an analogy from another area that helps to map a new, complex problem by making reference to a better understood phenomenon

64
Q

hidden racism

A

advancing one’s own race by non-conspicuous biases against other groups (usually by ignoring their contribution)

65
Q

psychologisation

A

word used with 2 different meanings reffering to : 1 the fact that emotional ties and personal well being have become important in primary social relations, or 2 the growing impact of psychoogy on the way people see themelves and interact with others

66
Q

naturalization

A

they see mental disorders as a part of the natural world that can be systematically studied and understod

67
Q

the looping effect of social kinds

A

social kinds can start out as artbirtrary, but acquire causal power in our social system

68
Q

logical atomism

A

elementary facts are indivisible and independent of each other

69
Q

constituents

A

complex facts are a combination of elementary facts

70
Q

methodolatry/methodologism

A

tendency to see methodological rigour as the only requirement for scientific research, at 1the expense of theory formation

71
Q

pseudoscience

A

branch of knowledgee that pretends to be scientific but that violates the scientific method on essential. aspects, such as lack of openness to testing by others and reliance. on confirmation rather than falsification

72
Q

hermeneutics

A

approach in psychology to which the task of the psychologist is to. interpret and understand persons on the basis of their personal and socio-cultural history

73
Q

humanistic psychology

A

psychological movement promoted by rogers and Maslow as a reaction against psychoanalysis and behaviourism; stressed that people are human, inherently positive, endowed with free will and living. within. a socio-cultural context

74
Q

feminist psychology

A

movement in psychology aimed at understanding women; is particularly concerned with the way in which women are treated in mainstream psych

75
Q

postcolonial psychology

A

movement in psychology addressing the issues of racism and the ways in which dominant groups treat other groups

76
Q

critical psychology

A

movement in psychology that criticises mainstream. psychology for failing to understand that knowledge does not. refer to an outside reality (idealism) that scientific knowledge is not cumulative but consists of. social constructions and that psychological theories and claims have an impact on the world din which people live

77
Q

context of discovery

A

there is no logic for theory development

78
Q

context of justificaiton

A

strict rules for the logic of testing :modus tollens

79
Q

quine-duhem thesis

A

whenever u take a statement or theory that you test you never test only that theory or statement///a theory is never tested in isolation. if a. prediction doesn’t come true it could be because of the theory, but it could also be because something else. is wrong

80
Q

unconscious plagiarism

A

term used by Bernstein to indicate how the scientific and the hermeneutic approach in psychology have influenced each other without the proponents being aware of it

81
Q

quantitative research methods

A

based on quantifiable data; are associated with the natural science approach. based on the hypothetico deductive model

82
Q

quantitative imperative

A

a bias only to find measurable topics interesting because quantitative research methods require numerical data

83
Q

qualitative research methods

A

research methods based on understanding phenomena in. their historical an socio-cultural context; are associated with the hermeneutic approach based on understanding the meaning of a situation

84
Q

ideographic approach

A

the conclusions of a study lay limited to the phenomenon under study//tendency to specify, and is typical for the humanities. It describes the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique, and often cultural or subjective phenomena.

85
Q

nomothetic approach

A

a study is run in search of universal principles that exceed the confines of the study// a tendency to generalize, and is typical for the natural sciences. It describes the effort to derive laws that explain types or categories of objective phenomena, in general.

86
Q

bracketing

A

requirement in qualitative research to lok at the phenomena with an open mind and to free oneself from misconceptions

87
Q

focus groups

A

technique in which a group of participants freely discuss a limited set. of questions

88
Q

grounded theory

A

qualitative research method that tries to understand what is going on in a particular situation and which, ont eh absis of qualitative analysis and induction, tries to come to a theoretical insight grounded in data

89
Q

interpretative phenomenological analysis

A

qualitative research method in psychology that tries to understand how a phenomenon is experiences by the people involved

90
Q

discourse analysis

A

qualitative research method the aims to discover how social relations between people are determined by the language they use

91
Q

monism

A

there is only one kind of things

92
Q

materialism

A

ultimately everything is material

93
Q

idealism

A

ultimaetly everything is mental

94
Q

dualism

A

there are two kind of things

95
Q

substance dualism

A

mind body are kinds. of distinct entities

96
Q

rene descartes

A

views the body but n to the mind as a machine, and they must be different entities. this produces the mind body problem

97
Q

interaction probelm

A

how can nonmaterial entity cause physical events

98
Q

causal closure problem

A

if every physical event has a physical cause, where does the mind enter? how about the law of conservation of energy?

99
Q

brain damage problem

A

why would a nonmaterial entity react to brain damage?

100
Q

eliminative materialism

A

deny the existence of mental states. they aren’t real and will not appear in the ultimate description of the universe.

101
Q

reductive materialism

A

mental states are reducible to brain states

102
Q

non eliminative materialism

A

one can deny that the mind exists as a substance, but still make room for mental states. one must produce an account of how. mental states are rooted in brain states . identity theory and functionalism are related attempts to do this

103
Q

identity theory

A

maintains that mental states are brain states. “to want an ice cream’= ‘brain state X’

104
Q

type type identity

A

types of mental states ‘wanting an ice cream’ are identical of types of brain states (brain state x) across individuals and time points. this implies a one to one mapping of mental states to brain states

105
Q

reductionism

A

the practice of analysing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents, especially when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation.

106
Q

neural plasticity

A

implies that the same mental functions can be performed in different ways

107
Q

identity theory criticism

A

neural plasticity, individual differences, mental states are often defined by their content is very likely to be encoded in different ways

108
Q

non reductive materialism

A

mind is a program that runs on the brain. just like variables in computer program, mental states. are characterizedby their function not their realisation

109
Q

multiple realizability

A

is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events.

110
Q

token-token identitiy

A

different brain states from people can have the same explanation

111
Q

bridge laws

A

statements linking concepts of the reduced theory to concepts of the reducing theory. required for reduction

112
Q

determinism

A

many people have the following intuition: the physical state of the world at fully determines the physical state at t+1. seems to imply that there is no space left for free will

113
Q

logical atomism

A

elementary facts are indivisible and independent of each other

114
Q

constituents

A

complex facts are.a combination. of elementary facts

115
Q

the ‘sayable’

A

all facts (the world) and meaningful propositions

116
Q

realization versus causation

A

the ten euro bill is not caused. by the paper, because it does not exist independently of that paper. instead the paper realises the ten euro bill. Functionalist think that mental states exist in precisely this way

117
Q

silicon brain/fading qualia thought experiment

A

what if you would replace neurons one by one with silicon chips. you would stil have mental states and cosciousness, right?

118
Q

overdetermination

A

occurs when a single-observed effect is determined by multiple causes, any one of which alone would be sufficient to account for (“determine”) the effect.

119
Q

Tractatus logico-philosophicus

A

a thought or experiment expresses a possible state of affairs in this world. the state of affairs is the meaning of the thought. if the state of affairs ‘depicted’ by the thought does occur, then the thought is true (picture theory of truth)

120
Q

verifiability criterion

A

if you cannot find out the truth of a (factual) sentence by looking at reality, then the sentence is meaningless

121
Q

induction problem

A

general statements are not verifiable

122
Q

unobservable entities

A

elementary particles photons etc. but also working memory. statements about unobservable entities are neither verifiable nor reducible to observations

123
Q

quantitative imperative

A

the conviction that you cannot know what you cannot measure

Psychology year 2 (9 decks)

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