Sridah/ Bio Med Semester 2 Term 1 Flashcards
Blood
PH:
% plasma :
% Formed elements :
% WBC + Platlets:
PH: 7.45
% plasma : 55%
% Formed elements : 45%
% WBC + Platlets: 1%
Functions of Blood
Distribution :
oxygen and nutrients
removing metabolic waste via lung and kidney
Transport hormones
Regulation:
Body Temp
PH 7.4
Fluid volume/ salts/proteins
Protection:
WBC for infections , Prevent loss or coagulation/clotting
Plasma and its main protein
90% water and 10% solutes
Albumin is 60% plasma protein
Albumin shuttles molecultes (lipid and fats, vitamins, buffers PH Osmotic pressure control
Globulins are 33%
Clotting proteins are 4%
how long do erythrocytes and leukocytes live for?
E = 100-120 days
L = 3-4 days
RBC’s
flexible spectin inner protien fibers/ concave middle
NO Mitochondia = no Oxygen consumption
Hemoglobin
respiratory gas transport
Female : 12-16 g/100ml
Male : 13-18g/100ml
Hematopiesis
Blood cell formation
Occurs in the Red bone marrow of
Axil skeleton
epiphysis of the humerus and femur
Hemocytoblasts give rise to all formed elements
Production of Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis
▪ The developmental pathway consists of three phases
▪ Phase 1 – ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts
▪ Phase 2 – Hb accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts
▪ Phase 3 – ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of
reticulocytes
▪ Reticulocytes then enter the blood stream and in 2 days become mature
erythrocytes
▪ Too few RBCs leads to tissue ….
▪ Too many RBCs causes undesirable …
▪ Erythropoiesis is hormonally controlled and depends on adequate
supplies of …
▪ Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
▪ Too many RBCs causes undesirable blood viscosity
▪ Erythropoiesis is hormonally controlled and depends on adequate
supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the …….. is triggered by:
Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by:
Hypoxia due to decreased RBCs
▪ Decreased oxygen availability
▪ Increased tissue demand for oxygen
▪ Enhanced erythropoiesis increases the:
▪ RBC count in circulating blood
▪ Oxygen carrying ability of the blood
WBC
Granulocytes …
Neutrophils 50-70%
Eosinophils 2-4 %
Basophils 0.5-1%
WBC
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes 25-45%
Monocytes 3-8%
WBC
Granulocytes …
elaborate on them all :
Neutrophils are our body’s bacteria slayers
(antibiotic-like
proteins)
Eosinophils
Lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms and allergymediated reactions
Basophils :
▪ Histamine – inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and
attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)
Agranulocytes –
lymphocytes and monocytes:
▪ Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
▪ Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell
types
▪ Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nuclei
Lymphocytes
Are found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the
blood)
▪ There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
▪ T cells function in the immune response
▪ B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Monocytes
Monocytes
They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into
macrophages
Macrophages
▪ Macrophages: derived from monocytes
▪ Are highly mobile and actively phagocytic
▪ Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Leukocyte Disorders
▪ Overproduction = leukocytosis
▪ Underproduction = leukopenia
▪ Leukemias = “White Blood”
▪ Myelocytic
▪ Lymphocytic
Platelets
Their granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF)
▪ Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug
that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
▪ Platelets not involved in clotting are kept inactive by NO and prost
Hemostasis Disorders
Thromboembolic Disorders
▪ Excessive clotting – thrombus vs. embolus
▪ D.I.C. – clotting AND bleeding disorder
▪ Rx: Aspirin (antiprostaglandin inhibits Thromboxane A2
), TPA, “kinase”
enzymes, Warfarin
▪ Bleeding Disorders
▪ Thrombocytopenia – chemo, radiation, cancer causes petechiae
▪ Impaired liver function (cirrhosis, hepatitis, and impaired fat absorption =
loss of Vit. K)
▪ Hemophilia (A,B,C) – Factor VIII deficien
Pericardium is:
- Superficial Fibrous layer
- Deep 2 layer serous pericardium
- pericardial cavity (liquid)
4.Visceral layer of serous pericardium ( Epicardium )
5.Myocardium
6.Endocardium
Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
Superior and inferior venae cavae
▪ Right and left pulmonary veins