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Points and Channel location > Bio Med MID SEMESTER EXAM > Flashcards

Bio Med MID SEMESTER EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ORGANS

A

a) Skin
b) Hair
c) Glands (sweat and oil glands)
d) Nails

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2
Q

Layers / structure of the skin:

A

Epidermis
Dermos
Sub Cutaneous tissue ( Hypo dermis)

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3
Q

CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan cells
Merkel’s cells

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4
Q

LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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5
Q

Oldest layer of Epidermis

A

Statum Corneum

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6
Q

Langerhans cells are most abundant here

A

Stratum Spinosum

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7
Q

 Melanocytes are found in this layer

A

Stratum Basale

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8
Q

 Keratinocytes flatten out, and their nuclei and organelles begin to
disintegrate
 Cells produce waterproofing substance

A

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer) :

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9
Q

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer) :

A

 Outermost layer
 Consists of layers of dead cells, filled with keratin.
 Cells at the surface exfoliate as tiny scales called ‘dander’

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10
Q

Fibres in the dermis:

A

 Collagen and elastic fibres are found throughout the dermis
 Collagen fibres are responsible for the toughness of the dermis
 They attract and bind water to keep the skin hydrated
 Elastic fibres give elasticity to the skin when we are young

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11
Q

HAIR FOLLICLE

A

Extend from the epidermal surface into the dermis

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12
Q

Small bands of smooth muscles called “…………“connect each side of the
hair follicle to the dermal tissue - when these muscles contract the hair is
pulled upright.

A

Erector Pilli

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13
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

A

Sensation
 Protection
 Maintain body temperature
 Excretion
 Absorption
 Vitamin D synthesis
 Blood reservoir

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14
Q

Burns considered critical if:

A

Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
* Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
* There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet

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15
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and
perform a common or related function.
 The four major types of tissues in the body are:
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nerve tissue

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16
Q

Avascular but innervated

A

contains no blood vessels but
supplied by nerve fibers

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17
Q

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

A

Protection - Absorbtion- Excretion - Filtration -Secretion

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18
Q

Simple Epithelium :
Stratified Epithelium :

A

Simple : one layer of cells
Stratified : more then one layer

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19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

 It is a single layer of thin squamous cells (flattened, like fish
scales) resting on a basement membrane.
 The cells fit closely together.

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20
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium : Location?
Function?

A

Air sacs (alveoli) of lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged.
 Capillaries where filtration takes place (kidney glomeruli).
 Lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
serosa
Function :
 Allows for easy diffusion and filtration

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21
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
LOCATION / FUNCTION

A

It consists of several layers of squamous cells
Location
 Skin has keratinised, stratified epithelium
 The lining of the mouth cavity, oesophagus and vagina have
non keratinised, stratified epithelium
Function
 Protect underlying areas from abrasion

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22
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location

A

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central
nuclei
 Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory glands e.g.
salivary glands, pancreas , and ovary surface.

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23
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Usually has just two layers with (at least) the surface
cells being cuboidal in shape.
 They are rare in the body.
 They may also line the ducts of large glands

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24
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium is made up of a single layer of tall
cells that fit closely together, many contain cilia.
Function in absorption and secretion

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25
Q

Cillia

A

Cilia help move substances through internal passageways

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26
Q

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Location ?
Function?

A

It is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of
females. trachea, the air passages like the
nose, large bronchi

Function: To propel / move along
 The movement of the cilia propel the ovum to the
uterus.
 Propels mucus in the respiratory passages

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27
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

“FAKEstatified”
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach
the free surface
 Nuclei are seen at different layers
 Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (non ciliated) and
trachea (ciliated)

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28
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Classified by:
 Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine
 Relative number of cells forming the gland –
unicellular or multicel

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29
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless glands that produce hormones
 Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and
steroids

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30
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary
glands.
 The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell
 Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct
and secretory unit

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31
Q

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

A

Cells
 Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic
stem cells.
2. Ground substance
 Unstructured material that fills the space between cells.
3. Fibers
 Collagen, elastic, or reticular

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32
Q

Ligament?
Tendon?

A

Ligament is bone to bone
Tendon is Muscle to bone

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32
Q

Cells of the Connective tissue

A

Chondroblasts - Cartilage
Osteoblasts - Bone
Fibroblasts - collagen
Hematoietic stem cells - blood cells
Fat Cells/Adipocytes - fat storage

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33
Q

Connective Tissue: Cartilage derived from?

A

Derived from chondrocytes
 Contains no blood vessels
 Derives nutrients from matrix by diffusion
Functions
 Provide flexible support and tensile strength
 Provides framework for developing embryo

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34
Q

Erythrocytes
 Leukocytes
 Thrombocytes

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells),
 Leukocytes (white blood cells) and
 Thrombocytes (platelets)

35
Q

 Epithelial membranes -

A

Sheet of epithelial cells over a thin
layer of loose connective tissue

36
Q

Mucous membranes:

A

line body cavities or canals that open
to the exterior
◼ Example: throat, nose, mouth, urethra, rectum, vagina,
etc.
◼ They produce a thick, slippery liquid called mucus that
protects the membranes and keeps them moist

37
Q

 Serous membranes -

A

line body cavities that do not open
directly to the outside
◼ Serous membranes produce serous fluid which lubricates
the membrane and reduces friction when organs move
against each other or the cavity wall
◼ Example: Pericardium, pleural

38
Q

Synovial membranes -

A

line the cavities of the freely movable
joints
◼ Example: the shoulder, elbow and knee
◼ secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity which lubricates the
cartilage on the ends of the bones so that they can move freely
and without friction

39
Q

NUTRIENTS

A

Substances that promotes growth, maintenance,
and repair
Major nutrients – carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins
Other nutrients nutrients – vitamins vitamins and mineral

40
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Dietary sources
Starch (complex carbohydrates) - grains and
vegetables (bread, cereal, potatoes)
Simple sugars - fruits, honey and milk
Insoluble fiber - cellulose in vegetables -
provides roughage
Soluble fiber - pectin in apples and citrus
fruits - reduces blood cholesterol levels

41
Q

Energy

A

Glucose is the fuel used by cells to make ATP
(cellular respiration)
Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and
stored
2. Form new compounds
Combine to form

42
Q

LIPIDS

A

Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids
is less than in carbohydrates
They are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids,
and solvents like alcohol

43
Q

LIPIDS

A

Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids
is less than in carbohydrates
They are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids,
and solvents like alcohol

Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
Major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
Phospholipids are essential in myelin sheaths and all
cell membranes

44
Q

Functions of fatty deposits (adipose tissue)

A

Protective cushions around body organs
Insulating layer beneath the skin
Concentrated source of energy

45
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Stabilizes membranes
Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

46
Q

PROTEINS

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; may
contain sulphur and phosphorus

Uses
Structural materials: keratin, collagen,
elastin, muscle proteins.
Most functional functional molecules molecules: enzymes, enzymes, some
hormones.
Protein will be used as fuel if there is
insufficient carbohydrate or fat available.

47
Q

Nitrogen balance
In healthy adults;

A

The body is in nitrogen balance when the amount of
nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount
excreted in urine and feces.

48
Q

VITAMINS

A

Organic compounds
Needed for growth and good health (A, B-complex, C, D, E,
and K)
Crucial in helping the body use nutrients
Most function as coenzymes
Vitamins D, some B and K are synthesized in the body
All others must be ingested

48
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B complex and C are absorbed with water
B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor
Not stored in the body

49
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K bind to ingested lipids, and are
absorbed with lipid digestion products
Stored in the body, except for vitamin K
Vitamins A, C, and E act as antioxidants

50
Q

MINERALS

A

Seven minerals are required in moderate amounts
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium,
chloride, and magnesium.

51
Q

METABOLISM

A

It is the sum total of all the chemical reactions
which occur in the human body
Two types of reactions

Anabolic reaction

Catabolic reaction

52
Q

ANABOLIC REACTIONS

A

Synthesis of large molecules from small ones - building
up reactions
Results in positive nitrogen balance
Dynamic process requiring energy

53
Q

CATABOLIC REACTION

A

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones - breaking
down reactions
Results in negative nitrogen balance
Releases energy

54
Q

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

A

All carbohydrates in food is either digested to glucose
or converted to glycogen in the liver
Glucose enters the cells (with the help of hormone,
insulin)

55
Q

Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

A

Glycogenesis – glycogen synthesis
Occurs when glucose supplies are in excess; liver
and skeletal muscle.
Glycogenolysis – lysis or breakdown of glycogen
Occurs in response to low blood glucose level; in the
liver, kidney and intestinal cells
Gluconeogenesis – glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate molecules (glycerol and amino acid)
Occurs as a protective mechanism against the
damaging effects of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose
level); in the liver

56
Q

LIPID METABOLISM

A

Lipids are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
before it the enters cells
Excess fatty acids and glycerol is converted into
triglycerides to be stored in adipose tissue

57
Q

Lipogenesis

A

– synthesis of triglycerides.

58
Q

PROTEIN METABOLISM

A

Proteins have limited lifespan
Amino acids are the most important anabolic nutrients
They form all protein structures and bulk of the
functional proteins.
Amino acids are broken and reused to build new
proteins

59
Q

Excess proteins ??

A

Excess proteins cannot be stored, they are broken down
to amino acids to be converted to fat and stored for
later use

60
Q

Absorptive state:

A

the time during and shortly after eating
Nutrients rapidly enter blood stream from gastrointestinal tract.
Insulin directs events in this state

61
Q

Post absorptive state:

A

period when the gastro-intestinal tract is
empty.
body reserves are broken down to supply energy.
Regulated by several hormones and sympathetic
nervous system

62
Q

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENTS

A

Interstitial fluid (ISF) – volume of fluid in the
microscopic spaces between the cells
2. Plasma – volume of fluid portion of the blood within
the blood vessels.
3. Transcellular Transcellular fluid – fluid in the body cavity or
spaces

63
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

A

Solvent - water
Solutes - electrolytes and non-electrolytes
Electrolytes – substances that ionize in water to
charged particles

64
Q

ELECTROLYTES

A

Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases
Electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance
Salts enter the body by ingestion and are lost via perspiration,
faeces, and urine

65
Q

Functions of electrolytes

A

Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases
Electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance
Salts enter the body by ingestion and are lost via perspiration,
faeces, and urine

66
Q

When there is low sodium ions in the plasma

A

Aldosterone is released from adrenal gland

67
Q

When there is too much sodium ions in the plasma

A

Increase release of hormone ADH from pituitary gland
Increase in the hormone - atrial natriuretic peptide
ANP from heart
Reduction in aldosterone release

68
Q

Acids are chemical substances that

A

t donate H+ (Proton
donor)

69
Q

Bases or alkali

A

are chemical substances that accept H+
(Proton acceptor)

70
Q

PH SCALE

A

pH 7 is neutral
pH <7 – acidic
pH > 7 – alkaline

71
Q

CONTROL OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

A

Normal blood pH – 7.35 – 7.45
Alkalosis – increase in pH of arterial blood >7.45
Acidosis – decrease in pH of arterial blood <7.35

72
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Transparent barrier that encloses cell contents
Seperate the intracellular fluid with the extracellular
Lipid Bio layer of phospholipids
Hydrophilic - water scared

73
Q

Mitochondria and Ribosomes

A

Cellular respiration ATP

and Protien synthesis RNA

74
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport system of cells

75
Q

Golgi aparatis and Lysosomes

A

Pasckaging - accumilation of protiens - detoxification unit

76
Q

Centreols and cytoskeleton

A

mitotic spindle
determins the structure and supports cell

77
Q

Periosteum

A

The fibrous membrane covering bone consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer (cambium). The outer layer is composed mostly of collagen and contains nerve fibres that cause pain when the tissue is damaged. It also contains many blood vessels, branches of which penetrate the bone to supply the osteocytes, or bone cells.

78
Q

Medulary cavity

A

The medullary cavity is the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow. The bone marrow makes blood cells and stores fat. Spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) is made up of small, needle-like pieces of bone arranged like a honeycomb.

79
Q

Bone is made up of

A

NERVOUS TISSUE
BONY OSSEUS TISSUE
CARTILAGE
MUSCLES AND EPITHELEAL TISSUE IN THEI BLOOD

80
Q

EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE

A

INBETWEEN THE EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS CARLIAGE RESPONISBLE FOR BONE GROWTH

81
Q

Wolff’s Law s

A

It states that our bones become thicker and stronger over time to resist forces placed upon them and thinner and weaker if there are no forces to act against. This principle is important for preventing injuries. A thicker bone is harder to break.

82
Q

FOOT BONES

A

TALUS AND CALCANEOUS

83
Q
A

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