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SPT4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is a pathological or anatomical diagnosis marked by abnormal permanent enlargement of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?

A

Emphysema

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2
Q

Which of the following is considered the primary risk factor for the development of COPD?

A

Smoking

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3
Q

Which of the following occurs when comparing patients with COPD to healthy age-matched control?

A

A and B correct

A. Decreased quadriceps strength

B. Increased functional residual capacity

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4
Q

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of COPD?

A

All of the above

  • cough
  • sputum production
  • dyspnea
  • chest tightness
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5
Q

TF: Patients with COPD show an increased oxidative stress and a reduction in mitochondrial density and function

A

True

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6
Q

TF: Chronic steroid use has been suggested as a contributor to muscle weakness in patients with COPD

A

True

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7
Q

TF: Smoking cessation has been show to have the same effect on mortality in patients with COPD compared to those who continue to smoke

A

False

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8
Q

TF: In advanced stages of COPD, a slowed inspiration and nutritional depletion are common problems

A

True

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9
Q

Which of the following cut-points for FEV1/FVC is helpful for diagnosing COPD?

A

<0.7

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10
Q

Which of the following should be involved in monitoring the patient with COPD during a clinical exercise test?

A

All the above

a. 12-lead ECG
b. Blood pressure
c. Dyspnea and leg fatigue
d. Arterial oxygen saturation

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11
Q

Which of the following conditions is an additional concern for patients with COPD during an exercise test?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

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12
Q

Which of the following exercises should NOT be used for an exercise test in a patient with COPD?

A

None of the above

arm ergometry

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13
Q

TF: There is a reduced ventilatory capacity which decreases the exercise capacity of a patient with COPD

A

True

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14
Q

TF: The goal time frame for an exercise test protocol is 8-10 minutes in a patient with COPD

A

True

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15
Q

TF: The ventilatory equivalent of CO2 is elevated across all stages of COPD severity

A

True

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16
Q

TF: Oxygen therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for COPD

A

True

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17
Q

Which of the following is a characterization of asthma?

A

Airway inflammation

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18
Q

Which of the following are environmental factors for the development of asthma?

A

Tobacco smoke

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19
Q

Which of the following tests is used to determine the extent of lung function with asthma?

A

C and D correct

C. Forced expiration volume in 1 second
D. Forced vital capacity

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20
Q

Which of the following is recommended for treatment of asthma?

A

All the above

a. Avoidance of environmental exposures
b. Regular physical activity
c. Healthy diet and weight control
d. Influenza vaccinations

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21
Q

TF: Expiratory wheezing with asthma is often heard only on forced expiration

A

True

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22
Q

TF: A FEV1/FVC ratio > 0.8 is an indicator for asthma

A

False

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23
Q

TF: Symptoms of asthma are often worse during the daytime.

A

False

Night or awakening

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24
Q

TF: Asthma can affect anyone, include elite athletes.

A

True

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25
Q

Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of exercise-induced bronchospasm?

A

Heating and humidifying large volumes of air during exercise

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26
Q

Which of the following are symptoms of exercise-induced bronchospams?

A

All the above

a. Dyspnea
b. Chest tightness
c. Wheeze
d. Increased sputum production

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27
Q

Which of the following is the recommended frequency of cardiorespiratory exercise for a person with asthma?

A

Minimum of 2 days/week

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28
Q

Which of the following modes of exercise are recommended for patients with asthma?

A

All the above

a. Treadmill
b. Stationary bike
c. Walking
d. Swimming

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29
Q

TF: Children with asthma are not recommended to perform moderate-intensity exercise.

A

False

can perform safely

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30
Q

TF: Exercise-induced bronchospasm occurs in a significant number of patients who have asthma.

A

True

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31
Q

TF: Cardiorespiratory exercise has the ability to improve maximum oxygen uptake in individuals with asthma.

A

True

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32
Q

TF: It is important to consider comorbid conditions when writing an exercise prescription for individuals with asthma.

A

True

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33
Q

Modes of exercise testing patients with COPD include

A

All the above

  • Treadmill
  • Cycle
  • 6 minute walk
  • Shuttle walk
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34
Q

TF: COPD and asthma have the same pathology, which indicates they are the same disease

A

False

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35
Q

When designing an exercise prescription for a patient with cancer, which of the following needs to be considered?

A

All the above

  • adverse reactions
  • pre-existing comorbidities
  • functional capacity
  • fatigue level
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36
Q

TF: Exercise training is not considered safe for individuals with HIV

A

False

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37
Q

TF: COPD is a disease where a large portion of the population of the United States is undiagnosed?

A

True

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38
Q

TF: Treatment of cancer varies with cancer type and location

A

True

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39
Q

Symptoms of COPD include

A

A and B correct

A. Excessive cough
B. Excessive sputum production

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40
Q

Asthma is a respiratory disease and involves which of the following components?

A

All the above

  • Airway inflammation
  • Intermittent airflow obstruction
  • Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
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41
Q

Which of the following are clinical stages of dehydration to be aware of in patients with CF who exercise?

A

All the above

  • light-headedness
  • flushed skin
  • decreased urine output
  • muscle cramps
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42
Q

Recommendations for aerobic exercise duration in patients with controlled asthma is

A

20-30 minutes

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43
Q

TF: When taking a patient with cancer pre-exercise evaluation, the clinical exercise physiologist only needs to take the cancer history

A

False

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44
Q

Which of the following diagnostic tests detect the presence of RNA?

A

HIV NAAT

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45
Q

TF: The majority of individuals living with HIV are located in the United States?

A

False

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46
Q

TF: Individuals with CF are capable of improving their aerobic tolerance after exercise training

A

True

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47
Q

Which of the following accounts for more than 95% of the morbidity and mortality associated with CF?

A

Lung disease

48
Q

TF: A decline in the FEV1 in patients with CF may indicate lung deterioration

A

True

49
Q

Classification of wasting is unintentional weight loss greater than ___% of individuals body weight

A

5

50
Q

TF: Measures of peak expiratory flow are interchangeable with other lung measures such as FEV1`

A

False

51
Q

Which of the following races is at the greatest risk for cancer mortality?

A

African American

52
Q

TF: Chest discomfort in patients with asthma is considered a contraindication to exercise

A

True

53
Q

Which of the following systems is affected by cystic fibrosis?

A

A and B correct

A. Respiratory
B. Metabolic

54
Q

Which of the following is the median survival of individuals with CF?

A

Late 30s

55
Q

Which of the following is where the gene for CF resides?

A

Chromosome 7

56
Q

Which of the following is used to diagnose CF?

A

A and B correct

A. FEV1
B. FEV 25-75

57
Q

TF: There are now more individuals age 18 years and older than those less than 18 years in the history of CF

A

True

58
Q

TF: The lungs are normal on a histological basis at birth in individuals with CF

A

True

59
Q

TF: Individuals with CF are at an increased risk for developing diabetes.

A

True

60
Q

TF: Individuals with CF do not have an increased risk of bone disease.

A

False

61
Q

Which of the following is a clinical sign of dehydration?

A

All the above

a. Light-headedness
b. Concentrated urine production
c. Muscle cramps
d. Nausea

62
Q

Which of the following are possible improvements from exercise training in individuals with CF??

A

All the above

a. Peripheral muscle adaptations
b. Aerobic tolerance
c. Ventilation
d. Gas exchange

63
Q

Which of the following is the recommended mode of exercise testing in individuals with CF?

A

A and B correct

A. Treadmill
B. Cycle

64
Q

Which of the following modes of muscular strength assessment can be used in individuals with CF?

A

All the above

a. Dynamometers
b. Cable tensiometers
c. Isokinetic muscle testing
d. Free weights

65
Q

TF: Skinfold calipers should not be used to assess body composition in individuals with CF.

A

False

66
Q

TF: Individuals with CF should have a short-acting bronchodilator available during exercise.

A

True

67
Q

TF: A lower peak heart rate is observed as CF progresses.

A

True

68
Q

TF: Individuals with CF with healthy BMI have improved pulmonary outcomes

A

True

69
Q

Which of the following describes the relationship between physical activity and cancer recurrence?

A

Inverse

70
Q

Which of the following may be able to reduce deaths from cancer by two-thirds?

A

Lifestyle modification

71
Q

Which of the following is the most prevalent cancer in males?

A

Prostate

72
Q

Which of the following is described by an uncommitted cell with various developmental options still open?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

73
Q

TF: Malignant neoplasms are generally fast growing and are associated with large areas of necrosis

A

True

74
Q

TF: Exercise appears to have a secondary prevention role for cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality

A

True

75
Q

TF: Lung cancer is responsible for more deaths than breast cancer among women.

A

True

76
Q

TF: The distribution and frequency of cancer is not affected by age.

A

False

77
Q

Which of the following stages is considered AIDS?

A

Stage 3

78
Q

Which of the following is the cut-point for a diagnosis of wasting?

A

> 5% of body mass

79
Q

Which of the following is a complication of HIV that increases cardiac dysfunction?

A

All the above

a. Decrease in HDL
b. Raises triglycerides
c. Raises total cholesterol
d. Raises vascular inflammation

80
Q

Which of the following is described by a loss of subcutaneous fat in the arms and legs and a concomitant increase in visceral fat?

A

Lipodystrophy

81
Q

TF: Symptoms of HIV infection often present as moderate to severe cases of influenza.

A

True

82
Q

TF: Resistance training has no effect on decreasing the effects of wasting that occurs with HIV/AIDS.

A

False

83
Q

TF: Dietary modifications and exercise are established as interventions to reduced metabolic changes in individuals with HIV.

A

True

84
Q

TF: Engaging in resistance training is one method to help improve the quality of life of an individual with HIV.

A

True

85
Q

Which of the following is a common complication of HIV and HAART regimens?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

86
Q

Which of the following is the most predominant pathology associated with HIV and HAART regimens?

A

B and C correct

B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Left atrial enlargement

87
Q

Which of the following modes of exercise is appropriate for an individual with balance issues as a result of HIV?

A

Cycling

88
Q

Which of the following training intensities should be used as a starting point for improving cardiorespiratory endurance in individuals with HIV?

A

Dependent upon the individual

89
Q

TF: Wasting is considered a contraindication to exercise for an individual with HIV.

A

False

90
Q

TF: Individuals who are asymptomatic may exhibit lower than normal exercise capacities due to a sedentary lifestyle.

A

True

91
Q

TF: It is possible to see reductions in exercise heart rate at absolute work rates in individuals with HIV.

A

True

92
Q

TF: A frequency of 2-3 times per week of resistance training is recommended for individuals with HIV.

A

True

93
Q

This is the prevalence of asthma in the United States

A

26 million

94
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to the development of asthma include

A

Allergens, indoors, outdoors, infections, tobacco smoke, diet, medications

95
Q

This lung function test and ratio are used in the diagnosis of asthma

A

FEV1/FVC

96
Q

Treatments for asthma include

A

Inhalers, oral meds, parenteral meds, smoking cessation, regular PA, healthy diet

97
Q

This type of activity predisposes individuals to the development of airway inflammation and subsequent airflow limitation

A

Exercise in a cool, dry air setting (ex. cross-country skiing)

98
Q

These are the body systems that are affected by CF

A

Metabolic, Respiratory and Reproductive

99
Q

This is approximately the number of newly diagnosed individuals with CF each year

A

1,000

100
Q

These are common misdiagnoses in infants and young children

A

Asthma, Bronchitis, Allergies, Pneumonia, Bronchio;itis

101
Q

This is the FEV1 value for severe lung disease with CF

A

< 40%

102
Q

These testing outcomes should be considered in individuals with CF

A

VO2, Pulse oximetry, ECG, BP

103
Q

This is where COPD ranks in terms of the leading causes of death in the United States

A

Third

104
Q

This is the primary risk factor for the development of COPD

A

Cigarette smoking

105
Q

Skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD patients include

A

Shift in fiber type distribution from type 1 fibers
Reduction in capillary density
Reduction in mitochondrial density
Increased oxidative stress

All in all-becoming more anaerobic

106
Q

Very severe airflow limitation is indicated by a FEV1/ FVC in patients with COPD

A

< 30% of predicted

107
Q

Aerobic training is recommended this many times per week in patients with COPD

A

At least 3 days per week

108
Q

This is associated as a risk factor for the development of cancer

A

Physical inactivity

109
Q

This describes a cell that has not yet committed to any developmental option

A

Pluripotent

110
Q

This factor is implicated in more than 60% of cancers

A

Environmental

111
Q

This is the first line of defense and is typically non-specific and immediate

A

Innate responses from the immune system

112
Q

These are other considerations for an individual’s exercise prescription when going through chemotherapy

A 
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Anemia
Neuropathy
Lymphedema
Dehydration
113
Q

This is the year HIV was first found in humans

A

1982

114
Q

This is the more prevalent strain of HIV

A

HIV-1

115
Q

This is the term that describes a drastic loss of lean body mass

A

Wasting

116
Q

Exercise in patients with HIV improves these outcomes

A 
Strength
Functionality
Endurance
Body comp
Lipid profile
Resting HR
117
Q

This mode of exercise may be better suited for individuals with neuropathy

A

Bicycle (non-weight bearing)

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