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SPT2 Flashcards

1
Q

It is recommended for individuals to lose approximately ___ of his/her
weight before surgical intervention for treatment of obesity.

A

5-10%

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2
Q

T/F: Individuals usually exhibit signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

False

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3
Q

Which mode of exercise should the clinical exercise physiologist stress for
patients with diabetes?

A

Cardiorespiratory

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4
Q

T/F: A comprehensive approach including diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy
is needed to treat obesity

A

True

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5
Q

Which hormone was thought to help the understanding of obesity when it
was identified?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

The goal caloric expenditure for an individual who is overweight or obese is

A

2,000-2,800 kcal/week

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7
Q

T/F: Peripheral neuropathy as a result of diabetes will typically affect the upper
extremities before the lower extremities.

A

False

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8
Q

Which of the following helped the understanding of weight regulation
during studies of overfeeding and calorie restriction?

A

Set-point theory

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9
Q

Which of the following drugs may increase the predisposition of an
individual to hypoglycemia?

A

Beta-blockers

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10
Q

The cutpoint for hypertension based on the American College of Cardiology
and American Heart Association

A

130/80

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11
Q

T/F: Foot care is especially important for individuals with diabetes.

A

True

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12
Q

Progression of a cardiovascular exam on a treadmill for individuals with
hypertension should be approximately

A

2.0-3.0 MET/ 3 min stage

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13
Q

T/F: Treatment for individuals with stage 2 hypertension should start with only
lifestyle changes and reassess in 3-6 months

A

False

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14
Q

T/F: A high BMI conveys the same risk as cardiovascular disease on
cardiovascular death

A

True

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15
Q

Diabetes is currently the _____ leading cause of death in the United States.

A

None of the above

7th

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16
Q

T/F: BMI is considered an acceptable measure of overweight and obesity in the
clinical setting.

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: If an individual with hypertension is conducting an exercise test for the purpose of designing an exercise program, s/he should not take any antihypertensive medication

A

False

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18
Q

T/F: Hypertension has a high direct and indirect cost on the economy

A

True

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19
Q

Insulin is produced by the ____ of the pancreas.

A

Beta-cells

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20
Q

T/F: Individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of heart disease.

A

True

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21
Q

Recommended weight loss for patients with the metabolic syndrome is
approximately

A

10%

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22
Q

Which of the following is attributed as the major driver of the metabolic
syndrome in the U.S. population?

A

Overweight and obesity

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23
Q

Functional foods that may improve dyslipidemia include:

A

A and C are correct
( A. Soluble fiber
and C. Garlic)

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24
Q

T/F: Resistance training has a significant effect on improving dyslipidemia

A

False

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25
Q

Which of the following effects do statins have on exercise?

A

No effect on exercise

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26
Q

T/F: Range of motion exercises are important for reducing the risk of developing
metabolic syndrome

A

False

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27
Q

T/F: Females are more likely to have high cholesterol levels than males

A

True

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28
Q

T/F: Treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be focused around weight loss
interventions

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: Waist circumference is a highly predictive measure of abdominal obesity

A

True

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30
Q

T/F: Exercise is generally recommended immediately before dialysis to combat
fluid overload

A

False

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31
Q

T/F: The 6-minute walk test is more appropriate for individuals with end-stage
renal disease

A

True

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32
Q

T/F: Stronger children are at an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome

A

False

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33
Q

When considering exercise testing in a patient with metabolic syndrome, it
is best to start at an intensity of

A

2-3 METs

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34
Q

Which of the following contributes to damaging the kidney?

A

All the above

Hypertension, Diabetes, Autoimmune disease, Congenital diseases

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35
Q

T/F: Prior to 1972, there were small groups of select individuals that would make
decisions on who would receive kidney transplants

A

True

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36
Q

Patients with CKD are encouraged to exercise at a ratings of perceived
exertion (RPE) of

A

12-15

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37
Q

Which of the following is a potential explanation for the population-wide
decrease in LDLc values over the last few decades?

A

C and D are correct

C. Increased use of medication and D. Changes in diet

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38
Q

Which of the following modes of cardiovascular exercise is typically best
tolerated in patients with CKD?

A

Non-weight bearing

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39
Q

T/F: For generally healthy individuals with dyslipidemia, muscular strength
assessment can include a one-repetition maximum (1RM)

A

True

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40
Q

Which of the following are targets for lipid-lowering interventions?

A

A and C are correct

A. LDLc and C. non-HDLc

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41
Q

Essential components in the behavioral management of obesity include

A

All the above

(Increase exercise, Diet changes, Lifestyle changes?

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42
Q

Which of the following techniques can assess central obesity?

A

Waist-to-hip ratio

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43
Q

Which hormone was discovered that revolutionized the understanding of obesity?

A

Leptin

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44
Q

Which theory of weight regulation has been identified through metabolic lab studies of overfeeding compared to caloric restriction?

A

Set-point theory

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45
Q

T/F: Obesity has more than doubled since 1980?

A

True

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46
Q

T/F: The pattern of fat distribution does not affect the risk for co-related morbidities of obesity.

A

False

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47
Q

T/F: Most obese children will carry their obesity into their adult years.

A

True

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48
Q

T/F: Higher fitness levels do not attenuate cardiometabolic risk.

A

False

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49
Q

Which of the following should be included as an initial step in the clinical evaluation of an obese patient?

A

Assessment of the barriers of weight loss

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50
Q

Which of the following percentages did the excess body weight explain the incidence of hypertension in the Framingham Heart Study?

A

25%

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51
Q

Which of the following weight loss amounts reduces blood pressure the equivalent of a new antihypertensive drug?

A

22 lbs

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52
Q

Which of the following training session durations is required to maximize weight loss?

A

60-90 minutes

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53
Q

T/F: Up to 80% of diabetes mellitus cases are weight related

A

True

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54
Q

T/F: A significant finding from the Nurses Health Study was that stroke risk doubled for obese women.

A

True

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55
Q

T/F: The plan that is developed for weight loss should be based off of their readiness to lose weight.

56
Q

T/F: Initially, , exercise and physical activity should focus on resistance training.

57
Q

Which of the following cut-points is used as the threshold for hypertension?

A

SBP ≥ 130 OR DBP ≥ 80

58
Q

Which of the following is frequently associated with hypertension?

A

B and C are correct

B. Elevated total peripheral resistance and C. Normal cardiac output

59
Q

When obtaining the health history of a client, on which of the following areas should the practitioner focus

A

All of the above

Behavioral habits, Lifestyle habits, Common comorbidities

60
Q

Among which of the following individuals is the risk for an acute exercise-related cardiovascular event highest?

A

Sedentary individual with undiagnosed hypertension performing vigorous-intensity exercise

61
Q

T/F: CVD risk triples as a result of a SBP increase ≥ 20 mmHg or DBP increase ≥ 15 mmHg above 110/90.

62
Q

T/F: Primary hypertension is caused by a disorder or disease of the renal, nervous, or endocrine system.

63
Q

T/F: White-coat hypertension generally leads to an underdiagnosis of hypertension.

64
Q

T/F: Individuals with controlled hypertension who are asymptomatic with no cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease require medical evaluation prior to any type of exercise program.

65
Q

For which range of blood pressure is it recommended that the individual does not engage in any exercise until consulting with a health care provider?

A

SBP ≥ 160; DBP ≥ 100

66
Q

Which type of medication decreases resting and exercise heart rate and blood pressure and may adversely affect thermoregulatory function?

A

A and D are correct

A. Thiazide-type diuretics and D. Beta-blockers

67
Q

A decrease of ___ in systolic BP from baseline despite an increase in workload is an indication for terminating an exercise test.

A

None of the above

10 mmHg makes it true

68
Q

Which of the following ranges of blood pressure is a typical increase in systolic BP per MET increase?

69
Q

T/F: A blood pressure during a GXT greater than 200/110 mmHg is an absolute contraindication to exercise testing.

70
Q

T/F: ACE inhibitors produce a mildly irritating cough as a side effect.

71
Q

T/F: In individuals who are overweight or obese, the greater the BP reductions are experienced with greater weight loss.

72
Q

T/F: Reducing alcohol intake is a way to reduce BP from 2-4 mmHg.

73
Q

Which of the following cells produces insulin in the pancreas?

A

Beta-cells

74
Q

Which of the following types of diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease?

A

A and C are correct

A. Type I and C. Non-insulin dependent

75
Q

Which of the following terms describes an acute complication of diabetes that happens during periods of illness or stress?

A

Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

76
Q

Which of the following describes the risk for developing heart disease and stroke in patients with diabetes?

A

2-4 times more likely

77
Q

T/F: Diabetes is currently the third leading cause of death in the United States.

A

False ( 7th)

78
Q

T/F: Idiopathic diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.

A

False (Type II)

79
Q

T/F: Consumption of ~15 g of CHO without fat should help resolve hypoglycemia if patients who are conscious.

80
Q

T/F: Patients with peripheral neuropathy typically experience a burning sensation in their hands and feet.

81
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes include

A

All the above

  • Excessive thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Infections and cuts that are slow to heal
82
Q

Regular participation of which of the following intensities of physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of developing diabetes,. Coronary artery disease, and hypertension?

A

A and B are correct

A. Light
B. Moderate

83
Q

Which of the following caloric expenditures is the minimum recommended for individuals trying to lose weight with type 2 diabetes?

A

2,000 kcal/week

84
Q

Which of the following modes of activity is the most common activity in patients with diabetes?

85
Q

T/F: Providing patients with information on managing their diabetes is essential for their health.

86
Q

T/F: Vigorous intensity activity is recommended for individuals with diabetic neuropathy.

87
Q

T/F: Patients with diabetes are recommended to stretch 2-3 times per week.

88
Q

T/F: Aerobic based activity should be minimally performed 3 days per week.

89
Q

With which of the following do lipids combine to form lipoproteins?

A

Apolipoproteins

90
Q

Which of the following demographic variables influences the strength of the association among blood lipids, atherosclerotic process, and CVD?

A

A and B are correct

A. Race
B. Gender

91
Q

Which of the following is the approximate time needed to see triglycerides rise and return to baseline after consuming a meal?

92
Q

At which of the following ages should monitoring the blood lipid profile begin?

93
Q

T/F: Cholesterol and triglycerides are considered modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

94
Q

T/F: Arterial atherosclerotic lesions first start in childhood and increase as the person ages.

95
Q

T/F: There is a dose-response relationship between lowering LDL-C and reducing the risk for CHD-related events.

96
Q

T/F: Low HDL-C is more prevalent in males than females.

97
Q

Which of the following is the primary target for primary interventions based on the ACC/AHA guidelines?

98
Q

Which of the following medications increases lipoprotein lipase activity?

A

Fibric acid derivatives

99
Q

Which of the following medications has a side effect causing GI distress?

A

B,C,D are correct

B. Fibric acid derivatives
C. Nicotinic acid
D. Bile acid sequesterants

100
Q

Which of the following percentages of weight loss will positively affect lipid characteristics?

101
Q

T/F: Signs and symptoms are typically manifest in individuals with hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia.

102
Q

T/F: Individuals with dyslipidemia may have latent cardiovascular disease.

103
Q

T/F: Exercise is contraindicated for those individuals with a dyslipidemic blood lipid profile.

104
Q

T/F: Guidelines suggest ranges of 150-300 min of moderate-intensity or 75-150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or some combination of the two are appropriate for individuals with dyslipidemia.

105
Q

Which of the following clusters of diseases is required for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?

A

Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension

106
Q

Which of the following individuals has the risk greatest for developing metabolic syndrome?

A

A and B are correct

A. Male, waist circumference = 110 cm, BMI = 30.5

B. Female, waist circumference = 90 cm, BMI = 32.0

107
Q

Older adults are at an increased risk for the development of metabolic syndrome due to

A

All of the above

  • Osteopenia
  • Sarcopenia
  • Insulin resistance
  • Sarcopenic obesity
108
Q

Intramuscular adipose tissue has which of the following hormonal effects?

A

A and B are correct

A. Paracrine
B. Endocrine

109
Q

T/F: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has varied according to the definition and cut-points used

110
Q

T/F: Obesity and insulin resistance appears to track into adulthood.

111
Q

T/F: There are no differences with respect to mitochondria size or number between individuals with and without metabolic syndrome.

112
Q

T/F: Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease due to increased clotting factors.

113
Q

Which of the following class of drugs increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis?

114
Q

Which of the following class of drugs reduces the risk of developing type II diabetes?

A

Angiotensin II receptors

115
Q

Which of the following measures is highly predictive of abdominal obesity?

A

Waist circumference

116
Q

Which of the following durations of exercise is recommended for children and adolescents to reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome?

A

60 minutes per day

117
Q

T/F: Bile acid sequestrants may bind with fat-soluble vitamins and lead to insufficiency.

118
Q

T/F: There is a clear, distinguishable line between the symptoms of metabolic syndrome and those of obesity and diabetes.

119
Q

T/F: Patients with metabolic syndrome should be started at a workload of 4-5 METs with moderate increases in intensity (1-2 METs).

120
Q

T/F: Aerobic based physical activity is recommended on most, if not all days of the week for patients with metabolic syndrome.

121
Q

Which of the following is a contributor to the development of chronic kidney disease?

A

All the above

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Glomerulonephritis
122
Q

Which of the following describes the ability of the kidney to adapt to damage by increasing the filtration rate in the remaining normal nephrons?

A

Adaptive hyperfiltration

123
Q

Which of the following is a contributor to the uremic state that is present in chronic kidney disease?

A

All of the above

  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Central nervous system abnormalities
124
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced in excess to the renal-failure induced hyperphosphatemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone

125
Q

T/F: Cardiovascular disease is a likely to occur in individuals with chronic kidney disease.

126
Q

T/F: Exercise is important for patients with CKD due to the sedentary characteristics of the patients.

127
Q

T/F: Chronic kidney disease starts with obvious signs and symptoms.

128
Q

T/F: Anemia is often present in patients with chronic kidney disease.

129
Q

Which of the following drugs are typically needed to control blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease?

A

A and B

A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

B. Angiotensin receptor blocker

130
Q

Which of the following is the most common therapy for renal failure in the United States?

A

Hemodialysis

131
Q

Which of the following is considered a normal range for creatinine?

132
Q

Which of the following is the most prevalent symptom that is associated with hemodialysis treatment?

133
Q

T/F: Dietary modification of protein, sodium, and fluid intake is an initial step for managing renal failure.

134
Q

T/F: Peak oxygen consumption will improve as kidney disease progresses.

135
Q

T/F: Kidney disease is often detected as a part of an evaluation of an unrelated disorder.

136
Q

T/F: Peritoneal dialysis allows for greater flexibility in patients’ lives.

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