SPRING WM and the brain Flashcards
describe atkinson and shifrin multistore model of memory
environment - sensory input - sensory memory - attend to STM (or forget) - maintenance rehearsal to LTM (or decay/displace) - in LTM (interference/retrieval failure)
STM link with WM
WM component of STM
executive system for coordinatign and monitoring complex subsystems, manipulating new material and retrieving old
damage patient KF (shallice and warringtom 1970)
had frontal subdural hematoma, damage to medial temp lobe, hippocampal loss and left occipital lobe damage
what is the medial temp lobes involve in
declarative memory
what is the hippocampus involved in
memory
patient KF impairments
STM impaired - free recall, digit span, peterson procedure, proactive interference
LTM intact - ok in probe recog and missing scan
verbal > visual impairment
what is the peterson procedure
say string of letters to patient
inhibitory task to prevent rehearsal period
recall - should show primacy
What does KF suggest about the multistore model
doesnt account for seperate abilities in STM and LTM
assumes rehearsal in STM needed for transfer to LTM - more likely to work in parallel as KF maintain info in LTS
KF mainly verbal>visual - disociation in processing type of info in STM
describe levels of processing theory (LOP) craik and lockheart 1972
recall dependent on how well info is processed
- elab rehearsal > maintenance
shallow -> deep processing of info
shallow = orthographic - relation between letters ie caps
med = phonetic - relation between the sounds of words ie rhyme
deep = semantic - relation between the meanings of words ie categories
describe baddeley 1960 WM
temp system in the STS used to complete cog tasks at same time under attentional control - underpins capacity for complex thought and complex beh (higher order)
active manipulation of relevant info over short periods of time - and can draw upon LTM info too
what would a deficit in WM predominantly lead to
inabiltity to hold and keep track o convos
cants fundamentally ‘do’ things in the environment ie problem solving tasks
baddeley and hitch working memory model 1974
WM encompasses STM
general exec - visuospatial / phonological - LTM
define the general/central exec
directs attention to stores, ensures all info correctly transferred to stores
achieve goals
define the visuospatial system
temporary storage for visual and spatial info
define the phonological loop
temporary store of speech based info
phonological store - speach
articulatory control process - internal speach and conversion of written material into phon
what is the episodic buffer
amnesiac patients show good encoding of some info and not others
allows connection between visuospatial and phonological loop
passive
what tasks can asses the central exec
letter updating - hold most recent 3 letters
n back - respond when match 2(n) prev
constant updating of immediate info
what tasks can assess the visuospatial
corsiblocks - view and reproduce sequence
dot memory - dot location after disappear
recall of spatial arrangement
what tasks can assess the phonological loop
verbal memory
- recall list of phonologically dissimilar letters and identify what in sequence
what tasks can assess the episodic buffer
ep buffer task - bind verbal and visuospatial by recog of letter location or sound link to spatial cue
brain areas associ with central exec
mid dorsolateral PFC
brain areas assoc with visuospatial
right inferior parietal lobe
superior occipital gyrus
brain areas assoc with phonological
left supramarginal gyrus
premotor area
brain areas assoc with ep buffer
bilat PFC right premotor temporo parietal junction left suprior parietal cortices (link diff so more activatio)
brain areas assoc with semantic info in LOP
left inferior parietal cortex
deeper process = more PFC activation
brain areas assoc with phonetc info in LOP
dorsal left infrior frontal gyrus
brain areas assoc with orthographic info in LOP
medial and lateral parietal lobe
inferior anterior medial frontal lobe
main principles assoc with multistore model
infor first processed in parallel via sensory buffers which feed into the limited STS
without the STS info is not able to nter the LTS
STS holds and manipulates immediately held info
the longer an item is held in the STS the greater the probability that it will enter the LTS
rundus 1971 multistore model
free recall of digits with out loud rehearsal
count freq of every word rehearsed -
more freq rehearsal = greater recall
recency - represent items still in STS
limits of multistore model
assumed bottleneck - info from STS to LTS (KF)
maintenance rehearsal does not increase prob of transfer into STS (tlving)
assumes duration of rehearsal mmost important for STS to LTS (KF)
tulving 1966 multistore model limitation
pps read list of words part of greater list
no evidence that previous exposure enhances recall or accessability to the words
BUT active learning does enhance
baddeley 1966 working memory and sts distinction
if sts and wm are the same then impaired wm performance during digit rehearsal
the greater the no of digits the greater the load on wm and the slower the proformance but not drastically and error constant at 5%
sts and wm distinct but likely to be interconnected processes
baddeley 2000 update on wm
episodic buffer - communication between slave systems that termporarily holds info in multidimensional way
store and combine into chunks/episodes
