SPRING Questionnaires

Question 1

what are questionnaires

Answer 1

survery method wehn limited resources, need lots of data/pps., gathering data about knoeldge/beliefs/attitudes, want to measure specific contracuts and must protect pps privacy

Question 2

how might questionnaires be used in experimental design

Answer 2

gather descriptive and analytic data

about individual but numerical ie scales

Question 3

how do you design a questionnaire

Answer 3

identify RQ/hyp - define study goal
identify info needed for logistics of study and confounding factors
write qs
organise into questionnaire format
pilot and revise qs

Question 4

1.define the goal of the study

Answer 4

define construct
ensure questionnaire taps into desired cosntruct
problems with existing questionnaire
revert back to contruct own

Question 5

2. goal to measurement

Answer 5

clarify what you want to measure and how you measure it

ie is it a behaviour?attitude?

Question 6

concepts you can measure with questionnaires

Answer 6

attributes (facts of ppl)
behaviours
beleifs
attitudes

Question 7

what are response scales

Answer 7

yes/no or yes/no/dont know
yes/no may be problematic - force an answer where might not be one
ALSO may response where socially desireable

Question 8

what is a likert scale

Answer 8

v strong agree - v strong disagree
5 midpoint - no opinion
encourage across all scale

Question 9

what is a semantic difference scale

Answer 9

enoy - hate
forces an answer where may not be one - no defined midpoint
close qs

Question 10

what is a labelled response scale

Answer 10

excellent - good - fair - poor
no set numerical value
subjective to interpretation by reader

Question 11

if using scales what data can you collect

Answer 11

catergorical or ordinal

need at least interval for a parametric test (gaps equal)

Question 12

what is a continuous visual analogue scale

Answer 12

position on a continuous line between two extremities

Question 13

what problems might be encountered when asking about periodical behaviours

Answer 13

time frame used cannot be too ambiguous
cannot be too immediate or old (forget)
cant use ambiguous words ie “usually” as interpretation of what usual time frame is is dependent on the person

Question 14

describe social desirability response bias

Answer 14

people want to make a good impression so answer in socially desirable way

Question 15

how might social desirability be avoided in qs

Answer 15

avoid phrases that insigate desirability ie “it is commonly believed” “research has shown” “doctors say” .. etc

Question 16

define acquiescence

Answer 16

tendency to agree with every statement

Question 17

how can you avoid acquiesence

Answer 17

reverse framing of the question

Question 18

rules for question writing - DOs

Answer 18

use simple language
short qs
"dont know" / "na"
relevent definitions
write sevral qs for pilot

Question 19

rules for question writing - DONTs

Answer 19

dont use double barrelled qs, leading qs, double negatives, amiguous words, qs that create opinios or ask unanswerable qs

Question 20

how can the order of qs negatively influence questionnaire data

Answer 20

initial questions may influence how later respond

ie instigate a social desireablilty bias

Question 21

how to correctly order questions

Answer 21

filler qs - exclude some pps

funnell approach - ask broad qs, introduce key concepts gradually and encourage completion by putting easiest first

Question 22

where should demographic questions be put

Answer 22

end of questionnaire

qs that exert effort are early and more important qs first - caputre immediate emotions

Question 23

what should you judge during a pilot test

Answer 23

discrimination
validity
length of questionnaire
problems with wording

Question 24

what is discrimination during pilot testing

Answer 24

should be able to discriminate between two samples/groups
People with the same score should be equal to each other along the measured construct
People with different scores should be different to the other groups along the measured construct.
The degree of difference between people should equal the difference score.

Question 25

discrimination and question contamination

Answer 25

two diff samples score same on construct - qs not measure same construct

Question 26

types of validity

Answer 26

content validity
criterion validity
factorial validity

Question 27

what is content validity

Answer 27

all items must relate to the construct

Question 28

what is criterion validity

Answer 28

a measure of how well one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on information from other variables
compare one method to another known standard measure of same construct

Question 29

what is factorial valdity

Answer 29

the degree to which covariance among judged traits resembles the actual or true covariation of observable behaviors underlying these traits.
ie are the questions themselves correlated?

Question 30

pros of questionnaires

Answer 30

standardised format
quick and cost effective
lots of responses
easy to analyse
anonymity
no experimenter bias

Question 31

cons of questionnaires

Answer 31

low response rate
cant probe responses
respondent may not be who intended
cant correct misunderstandings
difficult to establish causality

Question 32

methods of questionnaire administration

Answer 32

personal
mail
telephone
internet

Question 33

pros of personal q administration

Answer 33

spontaneous response
high response rate
emplain abiguity or misunderstandings

Question 34

cons of personal q administration

Answer 34

time consuming
expernisive
not anonymous
social bias

Question 35

pros of mail q administration

Answer 35

low cost and time
demographic
anonymous

Question 36

cons of mail q administration

Answer 36

high no response rate
incomplete answers
not get desired sample

Question 37

pros of telephone q administration

Answer 37

low cost and time
anonymous
spontaneous

Question 38

cons of telephone q administration

Answer 38

no cisual aids

- can help misunderstandings

Question 39

pros of internet q administration

Answer 39

low cost and time
spontaneous and convenient
felxible desgin
anonymous 
demographic

Question 40

cons of internet q administration

Answer 40

no response high
incomplete answers
misunderstandings