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PY2RM > SPRING Qualitative Methods > Flashcards

SPRING Qualitative Methods Flashcards

1
Q

define qualitative methods

A

exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research

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2
Q

define quantitative methods

A

formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. This research method is used: to describe variables; to examine relationships among variables; to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables.

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3
Q

qualitative orientation to the role of theory

A

inductive

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4
Q

quantitative orientation to the role of theory

A

deductive

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5
Q

epistemological orientation of qualitative methods

A

interpretivism

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6
Q

epistemological orientation of quantitative meothods

A

positivism

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7
Q

ontological orientation of qualitative methods

A

contructivism

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8
Q

ontological orientation of quantitative methods

A

objectivism

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9
Q

define epistemology

A

the study or theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity
What Constitutes Valid Knowledge and How Can We Obtain It?

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10
Q

define ontology

A

What Constitutes Reality and How Can We Understand Existence? what exists and is a view on the nature of reality

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11
Q

define posivitism

A

Quest for Objective Knowledge, deductive or Theory-Testing Approach, explaining how and why things happen: Measurement, Correlation, Statistical Logic, Verification

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12
Q

define interpretivism

A

Quest for Subjective Knowledge, inductive or Theory-Building Approach, Understanding How and Why Things Happen

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13
Q

define constructivism

A

each individual constructs his/her own reality so there are multiple interpretations
there isn’t a single truth, rather all truth is relative and constructed by the individual or society

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14
Q

define obectivism

A

all human knowledge is reached through reason , the human mental faculty of understanding the world abstractly and logically

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15
Q

purpose of qualitative data

A

describe and gain insight into the situation

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16
Q

purpose of quantitative data

A

measure magnitude

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17
Q

format of qualitative

A

no predetermined response categories

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18
Q

format of quantitative

A

no predetermined response measures

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19
Q

data used in qualitative

A

indepth data from small sample

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20
Q

data used in quantitative

A

wide breadth of data from a wide representative sample

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21
Q

analysis in qualitative

A

draw out patterns and concepts

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22
Q

analysis in quantitative

A

test and provide support for hypothesis

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23
Q

result of qualitative

A

illustrative explanation

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24
Q

result of quantitative

A

numerical aggregation in summary

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25
Q

sampling of qualitative

A

theorietical

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26
Q

sampling of quantitative

A

statistical

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27
Q

define unique case orientation

A

every participant is treated as an individual

28
Q

what types of qualitative design methods are there

A

phenomenology
grounded theory
ethnography

29
Q

what is phenomonology

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC
the study of peoples perception of the world with multiple ways of interpreting the same experience - individual perceptions into the meaning of own lives
seeks to understand the subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of participants

30
Q

what samples are used in phenomenology design

A

small purposive samples

analyse in depth without predetermined consequences

31
Q

describe Doumit et al 2010 phenomenological design

A

used to explore coping strategies in women with breast cancer via interview
coping strategy defines as overall theme for study
themes: negative stigma of cancer, role of women in Lebanese families, role of religion are bases of the differences in coping strategies of Labenese women with breast cancer as compared with women from other countries

32
Q

what is grounded theory

A

theory into the development of social processes grounded in data, and try to apply theory to different groups to see if fit or requires adaptation to the mode
promotes theory development

33
Q

what samples are used in grounded theory

A

seek out participants who can be compared with ones that have already been studies in order to promote theory development

34
Q

what methods are used for data collection in grounded theory

A

observations, interviews and narratives
comparative analysis
findings presented in diagram processes or summary classifications

35
Q

what methods are often used for data collection in phenomonology

A

indepth interviews/convos without predetermined questions

36
Q

describe williams et al 2015 grounded theory design

A

investigating theory of self in anorexia - semi strctured interview of 11 anorexic women
theoretical framework of the relationship with five related categories: AN taking over the self, AN protecting the self, being no one without AN, sharing the self with AN, and discovering the real me - need to reintroduce concept of the self without anorexia

37
Q

what is ethnography

A

COLLECTIVISTIC
designed to develop understanding of a specific culture (any group with similar beliefs/attributes)
pre existing ideas based on previous research are investigated

38
Q

how is data collected in ethonography

A

natural setting

observation, documents, interviews, diary entries

39
Q

describe ryam 1993 ethnography desgin

A

insight into mothers perspective of adult children with schizophrenia by interview
2 main themes: lifetime of mothering and disruption and loss (of childs and mothers life)

40
Q

how might qualitative data be collected

A

observation, interview, document research, case studies, consensus, action research

41
Q

describe observations

A

must be weary that prior beliefs dont influence interpretation
get close to others so feel can open p - understand more than just what people say - how they say it, beh, actions and interactions
audio, video recordings and field notes

42
Q

define case studies

A

provides an in depth hollistic investigation of one person or a group of people/organisation

43
Q

define consensus

A

identification of areas of contention among experts (where they may disagree in certain feilds)

44
Q

desccribe action research

A

identification of problems with theories, collecting, analysing and reporting new data to adjust previous and develop
constantly evolving research
identify - plan - collect data - analyse - conclude - adjust

45
Q

observer role dimension within ethnography

A

outsider or integrated member

46
Q

knowledge of observation dimension within ethnography

A

cover or overt

47
Q

duration dimension within ethnography

A

one session or many years

48
Q

knowledge of purpose dimension within ethnography

A

full knoweldge or misleading

49
Q

focus dimension within ethnography

A

narrow or hollistic

50
Q

how is an ethnographic study conducted

A 
RQ determined via ethnographic approach
define what to address in observation
define role of researcher
negotiate entry and maintain access
identify key informants
decide who to sample 
collect data 
exit
51
Q

describe rosenhan 1973 covert observation study

A

medical professionals identification of psuedopatients - 8 psuedopatiens admitted to 12 hospitals reporting hearing voices- no symptoms and ask for release
7-52 day duration - ignore request

52
Q

how should qualitative interviews be conducted

A

aim to discover pps own meanings, and avoid imposing assumptions - remain open to possibilities
event or cultural based - using guiding qs/topics w/no fixed questions and room to flexibly adapt
listener form qs actively for clarification and elaboration
transcribe and pilot interview

53
Q

why use pilot interviews

A

ensure that the rigth questions are being asked and the conversation is steered in the right direction / get info about areas desired

54
Q

how can qualitative data be sampled

A

convenience
purposive
snowballing
theoretical

55
Q

describe convenience sampling

A

sampling for convenience/via opportunity

56
Q

describe purposive sampling

A

deleiberate, recruit pps with certain characteristics, some subjects more suitable than others

57
Q

desccribe snowball sampling

A

pps identify other potential pps who match criteria

58
Q

describe theoretical sampling

A

identify category of interest that develops dependent on the progression of the research

59
Q

describe andrew and harvey 2011 purposive sampling

A

in depth pre planned semistructured interview of 12 mothers with infants aged 7-18 weeks
primi and multiporous mothers (one or multi children)
investigate formula or breast feeding decisions

60
Q

describe andrew and harvey 2011 purposive sampling - themes investigated

A

info, knowledge, decision making and role of health professionals
physical capabilities
family and social influences
inderpendence, self identity and lifestyle

61
Q

decribe andrew and harvery 2011 purposive sampling results

A

aware of benefits of breastfeeding but diff in extent
long term depend on self identity
difficulties with first infant
support in public feeding
support for newborn feeders meeting older

62
Q

what is a focus group

A

utilisation of group dynamics by stimulating discussion and generating ideas
4-8 (12+)
moderator define topic and encourage relevant discussion - audio record, transcribe and observe

63
Q

how might a focus group be conducted

A

determine RQ and topic
decide on structre and no of groups required (1 per category min)
identify and obtain sample
define location

64
Q

chambers et al 2007 focus group

A

consuer perception and behaviour towards local national and imported foods
4 groups - two low ses two high
90 min dicussion audio recorded and transcribed

65
Q

chambers et al 2007 focus group topics

A

attitudes towards different foods
value of friends/family/society
barriers of buying locally
perceived control of choices

66
Q

chambers et al 2007 focus group results

A

enthusiasm for local across SES - higher quality and support local farmers
barriers = price and convenience

PY2RM (15 decks)

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