SPRING Qualitative Methods Flashcards
define qualitative methods
exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research
define quantitative methods
formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. This research method is used: to describe variables; to examine relationships among variables; to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables.
qualitative orientation to the role of theory
inductive
quantitative orientation to the role of theory
deductive
epistemological orientation of qualitative methods
interpretivism
epistemological orientation of quantitative meothods
positivism
ontological orientation of qualitative methods
contructivism
ontological orientation of quantitative methods
objectivism
define epistemology
the study or theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity
What Constitutes Valid Knowledge and How Can We Obtain It?
define ontology
What Constitutes Reality and How Can We Understand Existence? what exists and is a view on the nature of reality
define posivitism
Quest for Objective Knowledge, deductive or Theory-Testing Approach, explaining how and why things happen: Measurement, Correlation, Statistical Logic, Verification
define interpretivism
Quest for Subjective Knowledge, inductive or Theory-Building Approach, Understanding How and Why Things Happen
define constructivism
each individual constructs his/her own reality so there are multiple interpretations
there isn’t a single truth, rather all truth is relative and constructed by the individual or society
define obectivism
all human knowledge is reached through reason , the human mental faculty of understanding the world abstractly and logically
purpose of qualitative data
describe and gain insight into the situation
purpose of quantitative data
measure magnitude
format of qualitative
no predetermined response categories
format of quantitative
no predetermined response measures
data used in qualitative
indepth data from small sample
data used in quantitative
wide breadth of data from a wide representative sample
analysis in qualitative
draw out patterns and concepts
analysis in quantitative
test and provide support for hypothesis
result of qualitative
illustrative explanation
result of quantitative
numerical aggregation in summary
sampling of qualitative
theorietical
sampling of quantitative
statistical
define unique case orientation
every participant is treated as an individual
what types of qualitative design methods are there
phenomenology
grounded theory
ethnography
what is phenomonology
INDIVIDUALISTIC
the study of peoples perception of the world with multiple ways of interpreting the same experience - individual perceptions into the meaning of own lives
seeks to understand the subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of participants
what samples are used in phenomenology design
small purposive samples
analyse in depth without predetermined consequences
describe Doumit et al 2010 phenomenological design
used to explore coping strategies in women with breast cancer via interview
coping strategy defines as overall theme for study
themes: negative stigma of cancer, role of women in Lebanese families, role of religion are bases of the differences in coping strategies of Labenese women with breast cancer as compared with women from other countries
what is grounded theory
theory into the development of social processes grounded in data, and try to apply theory to different groups to see if fit or requires adaptation to the mode
promotes theory development
what samples are used in grounded theory
seek out participants who can be compared with ones that have already been studies in order to promote theory development
what methods are used for data collection in grounded theory
observations, interviews and narratives
comparative analysis
findings presented in diagram processes or summary classifications
what methods are often used for data collection in phenomonology
indepth interviews/convos without predetermined questions
describe williams et al 2015 grounded theory design
investigating theory of self in anorexia - semi strctured interview of 11 anorexic women
theoretical framework of the relationship with five related categories: AN taking over the self, AN protecting the self, being no one without AN, sharing the self with AN, and discovering the real me - need to reintroduce concept of the self without anorexia
what is ethnography
COLLECTIVISTIC
designed to develop understanding of a specific culture (any group with similar beliefs/attributes)
pre existing ideas based on previous research are investigated
how is data collected in ethonography
natural setting
observation, documents, interviews, diary entries
describe ryam 1993 ethnography desgin
insight into mothers perspective of adult children with schizophrenia by interview
2 main themes: lifetime of mothering and disruption and loss (of childs and mothers life)
how might qualitative data be collected
observation, interview, document research, case studies, consensus, action research
describe observations
must be weary that prior beliefs dont influence interpretation
get close to others so feel can open p - understand more than just what people say - how they say it, beh, actions and interactions
audio, video recordings and field notes
define case studies
provides an in depth hollistic investigation of one person or a group of people/organisation
define consensus
identification of areas of contention among experts (where they may disagree in certain feilds)
desccribe action research
identification of problems with theories, collecting, analysing and reporting new data to adjust previous and develop
constantly evolving research
identify - plan - collect data - analyse - conclude - adjust
observer role dimension within ethnography
outsider or integrated member
knowledge of observation dimension within ethnography
cover or overt
duration dimension within ethnography
one session or many years
knowledge of purpose dimension within ethnography
full knoweldge or misleading
focus dimension within ethnography
narrow or hollistic
how is an ethnographic study conducted
RQ determined via ethnographic approach define what to address in observation define role of researcher negotiate entry and maintain access identify key informants decide who to sample collect data exit
describe rosenhan 1973 covert observation study
medical professionals identification of psuedopatients - 8 psuedopatiens admitted to 12 hospitals reporting hearing voices- no symptoms and ask for release
7-52 day duration - ignore request
how should qualitative interviews be conducted
aim to discover pps own meanings, and avoid imposing assumptions - remain open to possibilities
event or cultural based - using guiding qs/topics w/no fixed questions and room to flexibly adapt
listener form qs actively for clarification and elaboration
transcribe and pilot interview
why use pilot interviews
ensure that the rigth questions are being asked and the conversation is steered in the right direction / get info about areas desired
how can qualitative data be sampled
convenience
purposive
snowballing
theoretical
describe convenience sampling
sampling for convenience/via opportunity
describe purposive sampling
deleiberate, recruit pps with certain characteristics, some subjects more suitable than others
desccribe snowball sampling
pps identify other potential pps who match criteria
describe theoretical sampling
identify category of interest that develops dependent on the progression of the research
describe andrew and harvey 2011 purposive sampling
in depth pre planned semistructured interview of 12 mothers with infants aged 7-18 weeks
primi and multiporous mothers (one or multi children)
investigate formula or breast feeding decisions
describe andrew and harvey 2011 purposive sampling - themes investigated
info, knowledge, decision making and role of health professionals
physical capabilities
family and social influences
inderpendence, self identity and lifestyle
decribe andrew and harvery 2011 purposive sampling results
aware of benefits of breastfeeding but diff in extent
long term depend on self identity
difficulties with first infant
support in public feeding
support for newborn feeders meeting older
what is a focus group
utilisation of group dynamics by stimulating discussion and generating ideas
4-8 (12+)
moderator define topic and encourage relevant discussion - audio record, transcribe and observe
how might a focus group be conducted
determine RQ and topic
decide on structre and no of groups required (1 per category min)
identify and obtain sample
define location
chambers et al 2007 focus group
consuer perception and behaviour towards local national and imported foods
4 groups - two low ses two high
90 min dicussion audio recorded and transcribed
chambers et al 2007 focus group topics
attitudes towards different foods
value of friends/family/society
barriers of buying locally
perceived control of choices
chambers et al 2007 focus group results
enthusiasm for local across SES - higher quality and support local farmers
barriers = price and convenience
