SPRING Counterfactual Thinking Flashcards
what is counterfactual thinking
how things could have turned out different
if..then..
change to desired outcome
explain the past and prep for the future - affect decisions and future intent
what is semifactual thinking
even if.. then…still
change events leaduing up to outcome but not change outcome
antecedents of coutnerfactual thinking
what triggers counterfactuals?
closeness of event and negative outcome/affect
closeness of event - antecedent of counterfactual thinking (kahenman and tversky)
how close you are to percieve something as having nearly occured
mr crane and mr tees - lateness to catch flight - regret flight that 5 mins delay and still miss
negative outcome/affect - antecedent of couterfactuals
more counterfactuals if outcome was neg>positive or makes someone feel worse
change to desired
BUT counterfac can have a knock on effect - feel worse
what do people think about in counterfactuals
generate alternatives to reality
BUT limited -
appear to be regularities in outcomes generated
what are the 5 main couterfactual biases
exceptionality, controllability, temporal order, causal order, action effect
describe exceptionality effect
more likely to change what is an exception to the norm
kahenman and tversky - mr jones car crash
can be exception to habit (intrapersonal) or exception to social rules (interpersonal)
describe controllability
focus on aspect that is under the persons control opposed to changing external factors
regardless of if uncontrollable factor is internal or external to the protagonist
describe temporal order
last event most salient and lead to counterfactual even though each event leading up to it was independent
ie last score of a game
describe causal order
if events are in causal order (not independent) then likely to change the first event
describe action effect
tendency to regret actions in short term and regret non actions in long term
two consequences of counterfactuals
impact future actions and choices
contrast effects and causal inferences
describe contrast effects
counterfactual acts as an anchor to which reality is compared
upwards or downwards comparison
feel worse if counterfactual better outcome and feel better if counterfactual is worse
describe causal inferences
mental undoing puts weight onto what can change
implicated feelings of blame and guilt
identify causal explanation and flagged as something to change in the future
how do we make judgements in the causaility of events on outcomes?
causal judgements
responsibiity and blame
affective consequences
describe causal judgements (mccloy and byrne)
how we assign weight onto the cause of an outcome
olympic runners and pain killers -
causal drug in winning > counterfactual 6.23 > semifactual 5.25 > control 4.26
generate own statements of causailty - coutnerfactual increase causality of events and semi decrease
describe responsibility and blame
more likely to assign blame if change in beh likely to have diff outcome
more likely to assign blame if chane in action undoes the outcome than when it doesnt
describe affective consequences
conterfactuals linked to regret, shame, elation, joy, suprise, disappointment and relief - depends on the focus and direction
affective consequence of counterfactuals - mccloy and byrne
counterfactual increases regret
semifactual decreases regret