SPRING Counterfactual Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

what is counterfactual thinking

A

how things could have turned out different
if..then..
change to desired outcome
explain the past and prep for the future - affect decisions and future intent

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2
Q

what is semifactual thinking

A

even if.. then…still

change events leaduing up to outcome but not change outcome

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3
Q

antecedents of coutnerfactual thinking

A

what triggers counterfactuals?

closeness of event and negative outcome/affect

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4
Q

closeness of event - antecedent of counterfactual thinking (kahenman and tversky)

A

how close you are to percieve something as having nearly occured
mr crane and mr tees - lateness to catch flight - regret flight that 5 mins delay and still miss

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5
Q

negative outcome/affect - antecedent of couterfactuals

A

more counterfactuals if outcome was neg>positive or makes someone feel worse
change to desired
BUT counterfac can have a knock on effect - feel worse

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6
Q

what do people think about in counterfactuals

A

generate alternatives to reality
BUT limited -
appear to be regularities in outcomes generated

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7
Q

what are the 5 main couterfactual biases

A

exceptionality, controllability, temporal order, causal order, action effect

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8
Q

describe exceptionality effect

A

more likely to change what is an exception to the norm
kahenman and tversky - mr jones car crash
can be exception to habit (intrapersonal) or exception to social rules (interpersonal)

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9
Q

describe controllability

A

focus on aspect that is under the persons control opposed to changing external factors
regardless of if uncontrollable factor is internal or external to the protagonist

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10
Q

describe temporal order

A

last event most salient and lead to counterfactual even though each event leading up to it was independent
ie last score of a game

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11
Q

describe causal order

A

if events are in causal order (not independent) then likely to change the first event

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12
Q

describe action effect

A

tendency to regret actions in short term and regret non actions in long term

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13
Q

two consequences of counterfactuals

A

impact future actions and choices

contrast effects and causal inferences

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14
Q

describe contrast effects

A

counterfactual acts as an anchor to which reality is compared
upwards or downwards comparison
feel worse if counterfactual better outcome and feel better if counterfactual is worse

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15
Q

describe causal inferences

A

mental undoing puts weight onto what can change
implicated feelings of blame and guilt
identify causal explanation and flagged as something to change in the future

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16
Q

how do we make judgements in the causaility of events on outcomes?

A

causal judgements
responsibiity and blame
affective consequences

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17
Q

describe causal judgements (mccloy and byrne)

A

how we assign weight onto the cause of an outcome
olympic runners and pain killers -
causal drug in winning > counterfactual 6.23 > semifactual 5.25 > control 4.26
generate own statements of causailty - coutnerfactual increase causality of events and semi decrease

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18
Q

describe responsibility and blame

A

more likely to assign blame if change in beh likely to have diff outcome
more likely to assign blame if chane in action undoes the outcome than when it doesnt

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19
Q

describe affective consequences

A

conterfactuals linked to regret, shame, elation, joy, suprise, disappointment and relief - depends on the focus and direction

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20
Q

affective consequence of counterfactuals - mccloy and byrne

A

counterfactual increases regret

semifactual decreases regret

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21
Q

niedenthal, tagney and gavanski 1995 affective consequence

A

if focus on behaviour then feeel guilt
ie if only i had done …
if focus on personality then feel shame
ie if only i wasnt so…

22
Q

roese 1994 affective consequence of counterfactual

A

downward coutnerfactual - feel better
upward counterfactual - feel worse
BUT upward relate to performance - feel worse so try more next time and improve in future (anagram task)

23
Q

why are counterfactuals useful

A

onterfactuals identify what we can change
semifactuals identify what we cant
allows reflection on past actions to prevent negative consequences in the future

24
Q

when are we more likely to engage in downwards counterfactuals

A

whe nthe situation is not repeated and is percieved as out of out control
makes feel better about the situation and reflect about how could have been worse and wasnt

25
Q

k+T mr jones

exceptionality effect

A

leave ealy- change time
diff route - change route
- dont focus on what is out of his control

26
Q

medvec madey and gilovich 1995

closeness antecendent of couterfactuals

A

silver medallists feel worse than bronze

closer to goal of gold whereas bronze just happy that did better than most below them (not as close to gold)

27
Q

read life example of closeness to goal as an antecedent of counterfactual thinking

A

stepping into road and realising there is an oncoming car

“if i didnt notice that car i could have died”

28
Q

davis et al 1995 neg outcome and antecedent of counterfactuals

A

more counterfactuals generated following those who recently expereinced death of child - grief
neg affect = increased counterfac and
counterfac = increased neg affect

29
Q

byrne 2016 dysfunctional counterfactuals and neg affect

A

regret that follows from counterfactual thinking is associated with depression
depressed people reported to generate more unreasonable alternatives to life events

30
Q

markman and miller 2006 dysfunctional counterfactuals and neg affect

A

mild to mod depressed - more counterfactuals about controllable aspects of neg academic events - put things into perspective
severely depressed - more counterfactuals about uncontrollable, unreasonable and characterological - exacerbate feelings of self blame and worsens symptoms

31
Q

define an unreasonable counterfactual

byrne 2016

A

can by definition be controllable
unlikely to be reasonable as unlikely to be able to be performed fully by the individual
“if only i never put myself is risky situations, there would be no chance of me getting hurt”

32
Q

define intrapersonal exceptions of normality

A

adherence to or deviation from habitual modes of behaviour

33
Q

define interpersonal exceptions of normality

A

adherence to or deviations from societal norms and expectations

34
Q

gavanski and wells 1989 exceptionality and norm correspondence effect

A

‘andrea’ fails exam
- failure norm to self
- failure exceptional
2 normal and 2 exceptional events described that led up to exam
NCE - neg outcomes caused by neg antecedent, exceptional outcome caused by exceptional antecedent and vise versa
BUT only intrapersonal (self failure)

35
Q

describe girotto, legrenzi and rizzo 1991 controllability - mr bianchi

A

mr bianchi
4 alt to death of wife based on active decision actions or passive uncontrollable events
ie enter bar, flock of sheep, lorry in car park, tree trunk in road
more ocunterfactuals if bar > other as controllable by protagonist

36
Q

miller and gunasegaram 1990

temporal order

A

alicia and laura toss coin and if both get the same then win $1000
alicia first and toss tails
laura second and toss heads
- laura more guily even though chances independent

37
Q

byrne et al 2000 temporal order

A

two contestants win £1,000 if pick the same color card
pick black - interruption and restart - pick black and next pick red - temp effect, blame first person
pick black - interruption and restart - pick red and next pick black then temp eliminated
+ depends on the order of events in the world, not their descriptive order
- temporality effect arises because first event is presupposed and so immutable; elimination of
the temporality effect arises because availability of counterfactual alternative to the first event creates an opposing tendency to mutate

38
Q

wells taylor and turtle 1987 william scenario

causal order

A

man takes shortcut - broken glass- flat tyre - speeds - speed ticket
most likely to try and undo the shortcut

39
Q

causal order

david and lehman 1995

A

lose spouse or child in motor accident or to SIDS
both report mentally undoing loss
ie lose baby from SIDS regret not acting on fuss from baby

40
Q

gilovich and medvec 1994 action effect

A

dave and jim at elite uni
dave stays where he is - doesnt like and wishes gone
jim go to uni - doesnt like and wished stayed
report jim regret more short term but dave regret more long term
- psychological processess decrease regret of actions taken and increase regret of actions no acted upon

41
Q

kahenman 1995 short term and long term regret

A

short term = “hot regret”
- direct reaction following outcome
long term = “wistfull regret”
- less intense, assoc with sad fantasies of what might have been

42
Q

zeelenberg et al 2002 exceptionality override

regretting short term inaction

A

regret of ST and LT deopends on norm of situation
fb team with win or losing record
more regret if change team strategy if winning
more regret if dont change team strategy if losing

43
Q

byrne and mceleney 1999

exceptionality override of ST and LT regret

A

undo LT inaction when consequences of possible action are unknown/may be better than consequence of inaction (upward)
undo action in LT when alt consequence is known

44
Q

ritov and baron 1990 action aand ST and LT regret

A

risks of bad outcome from vaccine smaller than disease outcome
but inaction minimise regret even though increases risk

45
Q

define upward counterfactuals

A

better outcome to reality
feel worse
amp regret guilt and shame

46
Q

define downwards counterfactuals

A

worse outcome to reality
feel better
amp relief satisfaction and sympathy

47
Q

teigen and jensen 2011 downward counterfactuals

A

tourist survivors of 2004 tsunami in south east asia

spec how things could have been worse and view selves as survivors > victims

48
Q

macrae 1992 responsibility and blame

A

first time at restaurant = recomment greater find following accident (unusual) than at restaurant go to a lot

49
Q

zeelenberg and pieters 2001

counterfac and responsibility

A

if feel personally responsible for outcome then incease regret

50
Q

roese 1994 counterfac and responsibility

A

feelings can determine intent to change in the future
downward make feel better
- when no opp to change then increase downward (teigen and jensen tsunami)
BUT upward feel worse - increase intent to change - anagram task