Long Term Memory

Question 1

Define Long term memory

Answer 1

Recall everything after 30s to years

seemingly unlimited capacity and duration

Question 2

Types of long term memory

Answer 2

Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
priming

Question 3

Semantic memory is

Answer 3

Facts and meaning

Knowledge about the works je capital of countries

Question 4

Episodic memory is

Answer 4

Memory for personally experienced events - when, where, what, who
Recently evolved and late developing and most vunerable in brain injury etc
likely to be unique to humans

Question 5

Procedural memory is

Answer 5

Memory for skills
Memory for how to do something je by practicing a skill
Difficult to explain how it is done - cant be consciously recalled

Question 6

What is declarative memory

Answer 6

Semantic and episodic
explicit
Can declare / talk about the memory

Question 7

Differences between semantic and episodic

Answer 7

Episodic more vunerable to forgetting, has affective links, heavily PFC, autonoetic awareness

Semantic more Noetic awareness (know info without recollection)

Question 8

Cohen and squire distinction between declarative and procedural/non declarative

Answer 8

Episodic and semantic requires conscious awareness of reva

Procedural memory does not - implicitly retrieve the info

Question 9

Explicit memory tests

Answer 9

Recall or recognition of words presented in a study

Question 10

Implicit memory tests

Answer 10

Ask to do tasks that require “first thing that comes to time” or completing word stems
priming - performance thought to reflect unconscious processing of previously seen words

Question 11

Define encoding

Answer 11

Acquiring info from the environment
thought to be influenced by the extent that we elab on info
can be purposeful (attend to stimuli) or incidental (context dependent)

Question 12

Define retrieval

Answer 12

Ability to recall, recognise or show evidence of prior learning
can be deliberative (ie test situation) or accidental (no conscious effort)

Question 13

Encoding and retrieval interaction

Answer 13

The way we encode the information often reflects our ability to retrieve
Is via studying

Question 14

Methods of memory processes

Answer 14

Experimental/field
Neuroscience - brain beh mapping
Computational - models
Neuropsychology - brain damage/disease

Question 15

Amnesia and distinguishing STM and LTM

Answer 15

Normal short term but poor long term

Therefore must be seperate systems

Question 16

Amnesia and distinguishing declarative and procedural (Warrington and weiskrantz 1970

Answer 16

Intact implicit but impaired explicit

Learn set of words -
Implicit test ie name a word that begins with..
Explicit test - recall all words seen earlier

Control sig better at explicit

Control and amnesia same on implicit memory test BUT amnesia not recall learning

Question 17

Amnesia and semantic vs episodic

Answer 17

Impaired episodic but intact semantic

Poor recall of new names etc but good recall of vocab

Question 18

Define short term

Answer 18

What occur in last few seconds

Limited capacity and attention

Question 19

Declarative memory brain regions

Answer 19

Medial temporal lobes

Diencephalon

Question 20

Procedural brain regions

Answer 20

Stratum 
Neocortex 
Cerebellum 
Amygdala
Reflex pathways

Question 21

what is priming

Answer 21

part of non declarative memory
prior exposre to specific related stimulus determines subsequent processing of latter stimuli
ie affects processing speed - faster

Question 22

speirs et al 2001 episodic vs semantic in amnesia

Answer 22

amnesia patients have impairments in hipp and fornix

all show signs of episodic impairment but not all of semantic

Question 23

varga-khaden et al 1997 episodic vs semantic brain areas

Answer 23

episodic greater assoc with hippocampus and PFC

semantic more assoc with underlying entorhinal, perihinal and parahippocampal cortices

Question 24

episodic and semantic and autonoetic awareness

Answer 24

episodic associated with AM - ability to mentally time travel self in past present and future
recall as though reliving event
semantic more noetic awareness - info without necessarily linking to self

Question 25

kan et al 2009 link between episodic and semantic

Answer 25

argued to be governed by distinct memory systems
but - episodic recall of grocery items either congruent or incongruent with semantic prices
increase in recall when congruent
- systems are interdependent, where semantic information can facilitate learning and recall of episodic events

Question 26

how might explicit memory be influenced by implicit memory

Answer 26

conscious recall of info facilitated by past attitudes/emotions, behaviours that are below conscious awareness and memory ie past experiences

Question 27

marsh et al 1997 unconscious plagiarism

Answer 27

students asked to generate own ideas
BUT plagiarise based on information previously exposed to
not realise until prompted to engage in source monitoring

Question 28

butler and berry 2001 problems with implicit memory tassk

Answer 28

participants may intentionally be retrieving study words (even if unaware of intent)
pareticipants may be consciously aware that the test words reflect prev seen study words - need a way to factor for test awareness

Question 29

mace 2003 implicit test awareness

Answer 29

those who become aware of test aims perform sig better in spite of lack of recall instructions

Question 30

levels of processing theory

craik and lockheart 1972

Answer 30

the depth at which we process info determined our subsequent recall of that info
Ie shallow (structural or phoetic) or deep (semantic)

Question 31

craik and Tulving 1975 LOP

Answer 31

recall of 60 words dependent on way processed:
Structural / visual processing: ‘Is the word in capital letters or small letters?
Phonemic / auditory processing: ‘Does the word rhyme with . . .?’
Semantic processing: ‘Does the word go in this sentence . . . . ?
recog test of words prev seen
recall greater for semantic>phonetic>visual

Question 32

transfer appropritate processing

morris et al 1977

Answer 32

the capability of recall is dependent not on the way the information is initially processed but in the similarity between encoding and retrieval
if participants were given a rhyming recognition test they remembered the words which had received shallow processing better than the more deeply processed ones.

Question 33

godden and Baddeley 1975

transfer appropriate processing and context dependency

Answer 33

Land-L, L-W, W-W, W-L learning 38 unrelated words
50% better recall when learning and recall are the same, 40% more words were forgotten when the condition changed. Recall for learning on land and recall on land was 13.5 compared to 8.6 when they learned the words on land and had to recall under water.