Sprain Flashcards
What is a sprain?
Overstretch to a ligament
Which grade involves stretching of the ligament fibers, or microscopic tears?
Grade 1 (Mild or 1st degree)
Which grade is when larger tears are present in a significant number of fibers?
Grade 2 (mild or 2nd degree)
Which grade is a complete rupture of the ligament or avulsion of the fracture?
Grade 3 (severe or 3rd degree)
Where is the most common sprain in the body?
Ankle - Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)
Where is the 2nd most common sprain?
Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL)
What movement is excessive for a CFL sprain?
Excessive inversion
What is the usual mechanism of injury for MCL sprain?
Blow to LATERAL knee
What is the usual mechanism of injury for LCL sprain?
Blow to MEDIAL knee
What are the mechanisms of injury for ACL sprain?
- Blow to lateral knee
- Blow to anterior femur
- Forced hyperextension with internal rotation
- Blow to posterior tibia
- Pivoting, decelerating or landing from a jump
What are the mechanisms of injury for PCL sprain?
- Blow to anterior tibia
- Excessive hyperextension or MVA, tibia is forced posteriorly
What are the mechanisms of injury for wrist & hand sprain?
FOOSH (fall on outstretched hand)
What are the mechanisms of injury for shoulder sprain?
Falling onto shoulder
Grade 1 : tear the joint capsule
Grade 2 : Also tears the acromioclavicular ligament
Grade 3 : Tears the conoid & trapezoid ligaments
The higher the grade the more?
Severe the signs & symptoms
Is sprains more serious than strains & tendinosis?
Yes
Due to overstretch of ligaments, ligaments are _____ & they do not go back to their original state
Avascular
When a joint is injured, what is usually more damaged before ligaments are?
Tendon and muscles
What are the signs and symptoms of a Grade 1 sprain?
- Can continue activity with some discomfort
- Joint is stable
What are the signs & symptoms of a Grade 2 sprain?
- Difficulty continuing activity due to pain
- Snapping sound at the time of injury
- Joints gives way
- Stable or slightly unstable joint
What are the signs & symptoms of a Grade 3 sprain?
- Unable to continue activity
- Will take 6 months to heal
- Joint gives way
- Joint is unstable
- Possible hematoma, joint effusion & hemarthrosis in acute
Which stage of healing?
1. Inflammation is present
2. Loss of function due to swelling, protective spasm & pain
3. Bruising is red, black & blue
4. Crutches, sling
5. Muscle, blood vessel, nerve damage in grade 2 & 3
Acute
Which stage of healing?
1. Inflammation decreases
2. Swelling decreases, protective spasm are still present
3. Bruising is black and blue
4. Possible crutches & sling
5. ROM is limited
6. Adhesions are starting
7. TPs in local / compensatory
8. Reduced proprioception
Early subacute
Which stage of healing?
1. Inflammation further decreased
2. Edema decreased & gel like
3. Protective spasms replaced by adhesions & fascial restrictions
4. Bruising is yellow, green & brown
5. Possible crutches / sling
6. ROM increases
7. Adhesions are maturing
8. TPs in local / compensatory
9. Reduced proprioception
Late subacute
Which stage of healing?
1. Inflammation is gone
2. Tissue may be cool due to adhesions, fascial restrictions
3. Edema barely noticeable
4. Bruising is gone
5. Point tenderness is local to injury site
6. ROM is mild limitation in direction of injury, strength is reduced
7. Adhesions are matured & local to ligament
8. TPs are local
9. Reduced proprioception at joint
Chronic
