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Pathology > Spr 16- Test 3- Dark, Repro > Flashcards

Spr 16- Test 3- Dark, Repro Flashcards

1
Q

CS/presentation- Freemartinism

A

Testes, incomplete uterus, short vagina- infertile, never effectively breed or milk

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2
Q

Cause of freemartinism

A

Male and female twins, XX/XY female chimera due to MIF from M to F via mixed blood supply. MIF inhibits female differentiation bc sertoli and leydig cells differentiate earlier

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3
Q

At least some tissue from both sets of gonads (M/F)

A

Hermaphrodite

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4
Q

Gonad/genital mismatch (ex penis with ovaries)

A

Pseudohermaphrodite

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5
Q

Which hormone is from the anterior pituitary and initiates follicle and ova growth, supports cells

A

FSH

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6
Q

Which hormone is from the anterior pituitary and stimulates follicular growth and rupture/formation of CL

A

LH

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7
Q

What hormone causes secondary female characteristics, what else does it do

A

Estrogen, prepare uterus for pregnancy

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8
Q

What hormone maintains the pregnancy and where does it come from

A

Progesterone- from CL and placenta

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9
Q

What causes CL and follicle rupture

A

Prostaglandins

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10
Q

Missing one or both ovaries- what is this called and what is the consequence

A

ovarian agenesis, low estrogen production

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11
Q

Name the three developmental ovarian conditions

A

ovarian agenesis, duplication of ovaries, hypoplasia

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12
Q

What type of cyst is clinically significant in horses? dogs?

A

H: paramesonephric duct cysts; D: cystic SES

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13
Q

What cysts are significant in cows and why

A

Cystic ovarian disease- interferes with estrus cycling

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14
Q

80% of ovarian tumors in horses

A

Granulosa cell (thecal cell)

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15
Q

What are kenny grades

A

repro assessment for horses based on endometrial bx, higher number, worse chance of full term carry

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16
Q

Campylobacter, tritrich, taylorella, arcano bacteria all are agents of what disease

A

Endometritis of the closed uterus

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17
Q

Describe grade II (Kenny grades) vs grade III

A

II: Glands grouped in a nest by fibrous connective tissue; III: extensive fibrosis, glands individual, no connective tissue- irreversible

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18
Q

Horse with unilateral ovarian mass, nymphomania, unilateral ovary atrophy, cystic endometrial hyperplasia +/- pyometra; ectopic production of estrogen and inhibin

A

Granulosa cell tumor (thecal cell)

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19
Q

Cause of CEH

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia- prelude to other conditions, usually due to hormone imbalance (birth control, tumor production)

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20
Q

CEH- sequelae

A

Pyometra

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21
Q

Which form of pyometra is emergency

A

Closed- build up of toxins, very sick, surgery best, high neutrophil count

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22
Q

Neoplasia of the ovary that is similar to seminoma in the testicle

A

Dysgerminoma

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23
Q

Neoplasia that arises from SES (sub epithelial structures), can cause ascites

A

Ovarian carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

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24
Q

Sequelae of ovarian carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia; carcinomatosis

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25
Q

Unilateral, soft, smooth mass, more aggressive in horses than dogs

A

Dysgerminoma

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26
Q

What indicates metastasis of ovarian carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

A

Small papillae at edges of masses

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27
Q

Well-differentiated, benign ovarian tumor with possible development of hair, teeth, fat, etc

A

Teratoma

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28
Q

Describe why teratoma has odd tissue

A

Differentiation into 2 of 3 germ cell layers (ecto, meso, endoderm)

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29
Q

Two types of adenocarcinoma

A

Papillary or cystic

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30
Q

Describe hydrosalpinx

A

fallopian tube blockage causing distension from fluid filling

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31
Q

Types of salpingitis, describe

A

Primary- open infundibulum takes in bacteria; Secondary- agent in through uterus in uterine disease

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32
Q

Sequelae of salpingitis

A

infertility (unless Abx cure fully before scarring/strictures)

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33
Q

What is the uterine stroma

A

tissue between uterine glands

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34
Q

Most common developmental uterine condition, describe

A

Segmental aplasia- piece doesnt develop normally, magnitude depends on which piece

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35
Q

Most common inflammatory condition of the uterus, common etiology

A

Endometritis- inflammatory of the lining, commonly bacterial

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36
Q

If it looks like bubble wrap, you should think:

A

CEH!

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37
Q

What condition causes a leukmoid reaction (and what is that)

A

Closed pyometra, High neutrophil count

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38
Q

Aggressive, metastatic neoplasia of uterus

A

Uterine carcinoma

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39
Q

Focal, in the wall, white to tan, firm masses- not every aggressive

A

Leiomyoma

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40
Q

Dog placenta type

A

Zonary (bands per puppy)

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41
Q

SIPS

A

Subinvolution of placental sites

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42
Q

What is endometriosis

A

Implantation of active endometrial tissue outside of uterus, active glands in abdominal cavity

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43
Q

When is SIPS clinical

A

2 weeks after birth (before this is normal to appear like this), often dont return to normal, bleed to anemia

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44
Q

What is the form of endometriosis which infiltrates the myometrium, is this significant?

A

Adenomyosis- indicental

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45
Q

Cotyledonary placental attachment- species

A

cattle, sheep, ruminants

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46
Q

Dark blue/black uterus, uncommon but possible condition

A

Uterine torsion

47
Q

Pig and horse placental attachment, describe

A

Diffuse- whole surface has villi attached to uterus

48
Q

Name the concave and convex parts of cotyledonary placental attachment

A

Concave- fetus ; convex- mother caruncle

49
Q

Benefits of diffuse placental attachment

A

large fetus with bigger needs

50
Q

Dog/cat placenta type

A

Zonary

51
Q

Human/primate placental type, describe

A

Discoid (one attachment at end, rest float freely)

52
Q

Abdominal cavity open with contents outside, back legs forward

A

Schistosomus reflexus

53
Q

Cuase of back legs forward in Schistosomus reflexus

A

caudal spinal/pelvic abnormalities

54
Q

Underdevelopment of caudal spinal column

A

Perosomus elumbis

55
Q

Anasarca

A

Tremendous amount of fluid build up in fetus

56
Q

Holoprosencephaly - describe

A

From virragicum californicum ingestion at 14 days of gestation causing head and face abnormal development (cyclops)

57
Q

Schisto vs perosomus

A

SF has internal organs on outside

58
Q

Mummification- describe, causes

A

Dried aborted fetus, no bacterial infection post-death (may still have bacteria that killed, just not dissolved)

59
Q

Developed from infectious conditions like blue tounge. Limbs are all twisted and contracted

A

Arthrogryposis

60
Q

Maceration-

A

bacterial infection post abortion, dissolving fetus

61
Q

Determine fetal age at death

A

Crown to rump length

62
Q

Cause of SMEDI

A

porcine parvovirus (stillborn, mummy, embryonic death, infertility

63
Q

Best abortion diagnosis species

A

Cattle (25%) bc infectious or nutritional (75% unknown)

64
Q

Most common cause of abortion in horses

A

Twins

65
Q

Effects of mycotic placentitis, diagnostics

A

Cracked fetal skin, dermatitis, third eyelid tissue

66
Q

Zoonotic, reportable dz causing thick, leathery placenta

A

Brucella abortis

67
Q

Types of placenta in b. abortis

A

Cotyl and intercotyl

68
Q

External genitalia inflammation causes

A

Vulvovaginitis, EHVIII, equine coital exanthema

69
Q

Taylorella equigenitalis- describe

A

Purulent vaginal d/c, foreign animal dz, fertility affected

70
Q

Histo: high mitotic rate cells with different number of chromosomes than dogs

A

TVT- dog to dog transmission, looks like round cell tumor

71
Q

Three types of vaginal tumor

A

SCC, polyps, TVT

72
Q

Where will TVT be seen in females

A

Vaginal tract in perineum

73
Q

Dark red to black mastitis cause

A

Gangrenous- bacterial, coliforms entering teat (e coli, staph, strep)

74
Q

T/F grangrenous mastitis cannot infect suckling young

A

F

75
Q

Dog and cat mammary cancer reductions

A

Dog: 0.5 (before 1st), 8% after; cats: 91% reduction before 6 months (86% before 1 year)

76
Q

Mammary neoplasia that can be due to hormone admin or spontaneous, regresses with what?

A

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia, OVH

77
Q

See: diffuse mammary inflammation, think:

A

fibroadenomatous hyperplasia, but bx to make sure

78
Q

Ugly inflamed tumor indicates:

A

aggressive, poorly differentiated, body mounting immune response, poor Px

79
Q

Spermatids are found in

A

Seminiferous tubules

80
Q

Retained testicle- contents

A

Sertoli cells which produce estrogen-like hormones due to being wrong temp

81
Q

What produces testosterone

A

Leydig cells

82
Q

Sperm damage determined by

A

Species specific, time frame for damamge and how long it takes to show up

83
Q

What gland is absent in dogs

A

BUG

84
Q

Role of accessory glands

A

Contribute to semen composition

85
Q

Causes of testicular hypoplasia, ddx

A

unilaterally retained testicle, vascular damage, trauma, developmental; ddx: degeneration (dificult to tell grossly)

86
Q

Find cryptorchid testicle-

A

Follow ureters from kidneys, find prostate, _____

87
Q

Hypoplasia vs degeneration of testicles

A

D: irreg tub circumf, tube collapse/no lining, thick and wave basal lamina, inflammation present, lipofuscin in tubular cells’ H: regular sertoli lining, even basal lamina, no inflammation or lipofusic

88
Q

Most common cause of peri-orchitis

A

Brucellosis (zoo, report)

89
Q

Define periorchitis

A

inflammation around testicle

90
Q

Testicular inflammation perpetuates _____?

A

Transmission of dz to breeding female

91
Q

Cause of sperm granuloma

A

Sperm are immuno- privileged, haploid (for genetic variability), body sees as foreign

92
Q

Gynecomastia from:

A

Sertoli cell tumor

93
Q

Sertoli cell tumor sequelae

A

Gynecomastia, hair loss, chased by males, contralateral testicular atrophy

94
Q

Testes- function, respond to what hormones

A

make sperm and testosterone, respond to FSH and LH

95
Q

What houses the spermatids? What else does it house?

A

Seminiferous tubules- also houses sertoli and leydig cells

96
Q

Where does sperm mature and get stored

A

Epididymis

97
Q

What does the prostate do

A

creates non-sperm fractino of semen, nourishes

98
Q

Histo gangrenous mastitis

A

Hard line of demarcation of cell death,

99
Q

What can cause test. atrophy

A

Cryptorchid, trauma, vascular damage

100
Q

What causes sperm granuloma

A

Immuno barrier to sperm fails

101
Q

Seminoma CS

A

produce estrogen- gynecomastia, female signs

102
Q

What is teh only accessory gland in all

A

Prostate

103
Q

What accessory gland do bulls have

A

Seminal vesicles

104
Q

Sertoli CS

A

feminization

105
Q

Hypoplasia or degen? irreg tubule circumference

A

degen

106
Q

Seminoma- appearance

A

White, soft, bulge on cut

107
Q

Interstitial- appearance, function

A

orange/tan, hemorrhage, makes lipid

108
Q

Common cause of periorchitis

A

Brucellosis

109
Q

Hypoplasia or degen? regular sertoli lining

A

Hypoplas

110
Q

Wavy basal lamina- hypo or degen

A

Degen

111
Q

Describe hypospadias

A

Urethra desnt close before birth

112
Q

Balanoposthistis

A

inflammation of glans penis- infection or cancer

113
Q

Cause of penile rupture

A

hematoma

Pathology (5 decks)

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