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Sports Science > Sports Science B.1.1 - B.1.4 > Flashcards

Sports Science B.1.1 - B.1.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

superior

A

Towards the head

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Towards to floor

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3
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk of the body

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4
Q

Distant

A

Further from the trunk of the body

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5
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body

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9
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface of the body

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10
Q

Deep

A

Going deeper into the body

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11
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton and its function

A

The inner parts of the skeleton. Rib cage skull Vertebrae sternum. It is for protection attachment movement and support

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12
Q

What is the Appendicular skeleton and its function

A

The outer skeleton - ex. pelvic griddle, arm bones, leg bones, shoulder bones etc. For attachment movement support, and blood cell formation

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left

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14
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides body into front and back

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15
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Divides body into upper and lower

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16
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a body part towards the midline (upwards)

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17
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the midline (downards)

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18
Q

Retraction

A

Moving a part backwards

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19
Q

Protraction

A

Moving a part forward

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20
Q

Bone

A

Provides support for the body and facilitates movement

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21
Q

Tendons

A

Connects muscles to the bone

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22
Q

Ligaments

A

Connects bone to other bones

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23
Q

Cartilage

A

Shock absorber for the body

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24
Q

Fascia

A

Reduces friction and provides support

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25
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

Connected by fibrous tissue.

No movement permitted.

Ex. sutures in the skull.

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26
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Connected by cartilage.

Limited movement.

Ex. intervertebral discs (in the spine)

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27
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Surrounded by a joint capsule.

Filled with synovial fluid.

Allow a wide range of movements.

Ex. the knee and shoulder joints.

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28
Q

Function of all joints are

A

Movement, Support and stability, and shock absorption, weight distribution, organ protection, smooth movements (no friction)

29
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Functional Units of Muscle contraction that has motor neurons and the muscle fibers it controls.

30
Q

Whats in the middle for a first-class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle then relatively same length load and effort

31
Q

Whats in the middle for a second-class lever

A

Load in the middle with a large effort arm smaller load arm

32
Q

Whats in the middle for a third-class lever

A

Effort in the middle with a large load arm and small effort arm the fulcrums at the very end

33
Q

Example of a first class lever

A

The neck when nodding (head resting on the spine). The joint acts as the fulcrum, the muscles at the back of the neck provide the force (applied force), and the weight of the head is the resistance. They are rare in the body.

34
Q

Ex of second class lever

A

The calf muscles and Achilles tendon during plantarflexion (e.g., standing on tiptoes). The ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, the calf muscles apply force, and the body weight provides the resistance.
layups, high jump etc

35
Q

Ex of a third class lever

A

The biceps brachii during elbow flexion. The elbow joint acts as the fulcrum, the biceps muscle applies force, and the weight in your hand is the resistance.
Most levers in the body are third class and have evolved to favour range and speed of motion Or swining a tennis racket in sports

36
Q

When is there a mechanical advantage?

A

a mechanical advantage when the effort arm is longer than the load arm

37
Q

When is there a mechanical disadvantage?

A

mechanical disadvantage when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm.

38
Q

Calculation for mechanical advantage

A

effort/load

39
Q

In the body what is the effort?

A

Your muscles are the effort. They provide the power and strength to move Ex. throwing a baseball your arm muscles does the effort to throw the ball

40
Q

Whats the load in real life scenarios?

A

Whatever your lifting ex. baseball, dumbel etc

40
Q

In the body what is the fulcrum

A

In the case of throwing a baseball, it would be the shoulder joint in general its what doesn’t move and just stays the same.

41
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A functional Unit of Muscle Contraction

42
Q

What does a motor unit have in it?

A

A motor neuron and muscle fibers

43
Q

What does a motor unit do?

A

Carries information from the central nervous system to muscles to tell them to either relax or to contract.

44
Q

What constitutes as a motor unit?

A

When One motor neuron connects to multiple muscle fibers which is called a Motor Unit

45
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions that receive signals from other neurons. They look like fingers, or branches

46
Q

Cell Body

A

Receives signals from the dendrites also contain nucleus

47
Q

Nucleus

A

In the center of the cell body, it holds the DNA

48
Q

Axon

A

Extends from the cell to the motor end plates. Covered in myelin sheath which increases signal rate.

49
Q

Motor end plate

A

Where neurons meet muscle fibers

50
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated muscle

51
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary, and non-striated can be found in internal organs like intestines.

52
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to the bones, Voluntary, Heavily striated, we decide when to produce movement using skeletal muscles

53
Q

What does ATP consist of and whats its function

A

ATP is the main energy currency in the body. It consists of three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine unit. The last phosphate breaks off the ATP to release energy in a catabolic reaction.

54
Q

What is the all or none priciple?

A

when a motor neuron sends a signal (action potential) to a muscle fiber, the muscle fiber contracts fully or not at all.

If it doesn’t reach the threshold it won’t contract at all if it does reach the threshold no matter how high it will contract at the same power.

55
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

They have a smaller diameter and don’t get tired easily at all.
Involved in activities that require endurance, like long-distance running or triathlons, marathons, and maintaining posture.
They are rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, which help their fatigue resistance and carrying lots of oxygen, and make them red.

56
Q

Type IIa fibers

A

These fibers are the middle in size and in general between Type I and Type IIx fibers.
Type IIa fibers have a moderate resistance to fatigue and are involved in activities that require both strength and endurance.
They contain a mix of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes and are light pink in color.

57
Q

Type IIx fibers

A

They have a larger diameter and generate more force but fatigue more quickly.
Type IIx fibers are involved in activities that require short bursts of power, such as sprinting or weightlifting.
They rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism and have fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin so they are white in colour.

58
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle growth when you work out or exercise muscle the muscle fibers increase.

58
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle wasting/decrease - Atrophy is the decrease in muscle size and can result from disuse, injury, or certain medical conditions. Muscle fibers can be wasted (not used much) or complete unused

59
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Contraction without the muscle changing length ex. planking, wall sits

60
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Muscle contraction is where there is a change to the length of the muscle. (there are two types)

61
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

The muscle shortens
This is typically associated with the lifting phase like in a bicep curl the come up os concentric the muscle shortens as its lifting.

62
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

the muscle lengthens while still under tension.
This occurs during the lowering phase of an exercise when the muscle is controlling the movement Like the tricep in the come down of a bicep curl, or hamstring in going down in an RDL.

63
Q

Isokinetic Contraction

A

involves a constant speed of muscle movement. usually achieved with specialized equipment that provides resistance through a full range of motion at a constant speed.
less common in everyday activities but are used in certain rehab and strength training settings.

64
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

ensures smooth and coordinated movement by sending signals to the antagonist to relax when the agonist is contracting. so both muscles don’t contract at the same time and interfere with each other’s actions. So it prevents injury and helps movements go smoothly.

65
Q

Agonist

A

It contracts concentrically (shortens) to generate the force needed for the action.
For example, during a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist responsible for flexing the elbow.

66
Q

Antagonist

A

The antagonist is the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist.
It typically relaxes or lengthens to allow the movement to occur smoothly.
In the bicep curl example, the triceps brachii acts as the antagonist because it lengthens while the biceps contract.

Sports Science (3 decks)

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