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Sports Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a skill?

A

It is a learned behaviour stored in the long-term memory , that can be used in a variety of ways.

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2
Q

What is ability?

A

A stable, inherited trait that determines an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill.

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3
Q

What is a basic skill?

A

A skill that requires few decisions and that can be learned quickly. Aimed at beginners.

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4
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill that requires many decisions. They are based on basic skills and take time to learn.

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5
Q

Examples of basic skills

A

Jumping, running

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6
Q

Examples of complex skills

A

High jump. 100m technique

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7
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill that has an influence from the environment which has to be adapted.

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8
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill in a stable environment which is mostly self paced?

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9
Q

Examples of open skills

A

Goalkeeper save, tennis return, rugby tackle

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10
Q

Example of closed skills

A

Somersault, javelin, long jump

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11
Q

What is an self paced skill?

A

A skill where the rate is controlled by the performer.

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12
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

A skill where the start/rate is controlled by the environment.

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13
Q

Examples of a self paced skill

A

Javelin, shot-put, tennis serve

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14
Q

Examples of an externally paced skill

A

Goalkeeper save, rugby tackle, tennis return

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15
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill which involves small, delicate muscle movements.

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16
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill which involves large muscle group movements.

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17
Q

Examples of fine skills

A

Archery, darts

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18
Q

Examples of gross skills

A

Rugby tackle, running

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19
Q

What is an outcome goal?

A

A goal which is linked to the end result.

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20
Q

What is a performance goal?

A

A goal concerned with personal bests.

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21
Q

Examples of outcome goals?

A

Winning a medal or competition or being selected for a team.

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22
Q

Examples of performance goals?

A

To run 100m under 12 seconds, to run 5k under 20 minutes

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23
Q

Why do beginners prefer performance goals?

A

Because failure can demotivate and winning is often unlikely.

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24
Q

What are SMART targets?

A

Specific- targets must be to the point.
Measurable- can it be measured or compared.
Agreed- by a coach
Realistic- is it achievable
Time bound- set to be completed by a particular time or date.

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25
Values of goal setting?
- Increase motivation - Feel good factor/ self- satisfactory - Increase in focus and concentration - Monitor progress - Helps plan training
26
What is information processing?
The process of interpreting information from the environment and producing the most relevant movement (from short and long term memory) in response.
27
What are the 4 stages of the Information processing model?
- Input - Decision making - Output - Feedback
28
What is involved in the input stage of the information processing model?
- Environmental cues using our selective attention to identify stimuli- comes from our senses.
29
What is involved in the decision making stage of the information processing model?
- Selective response from our short and long term memory.
30
What is involved in the output stage of the information processing model?
The movement pattern direct by the muscles.
31
What is involved in the feedback stage of the information processing model?
- Intrinsic feedback (kinaesthetic) - Extrinsic feedback (from coach, teammate concurrent and terminal) - Knowledge of results (crowd cheering) - Used to repeat the process depending on success rate.
32
What is intrinsic feedback?
Feedback internally from the performer. This is through a kinaesthetic awareness/feel for the skill.
33
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from an outside source which can be from teammates, coaches.
34
What is knowledge of results?
Factual feedback based on the outcome | E.g. What was the outcome? Time, distance, goal scored or not?
35
What is knowledge of performance?
Feedback based on quality of technique to allow performers to focus on key performance indicators E.g. % rates
36
What is positive feedback?
Feedback on what was correct- aimed at beginners for encouragement and motivation.
37
What is negative feedback?
Feedback based on information from errors - aimed at elite athletes to detect errors for improvements.
38
Reasons for feedback
To detect errors for a basis for improvement.
39
What is guidance?
One process that can guide athletes to improvement - technical improvement.
40
4 types of guidance?
- Visual - Verbal - Mechanical - Manual
41
Who is visual guidance aimed at?
Beginners so they can have a mental image of the skill with attention drawn to key points. Less info needs to be given.
42
Advantages of Visual Guidance
- Provides learner with a mental image of the skill. - Draws attention to key points (gives cues). - Better for less complex skills where less information needs to be given.
43
Disadvantages of visual guidance
- Can demotivate learner if it's a highly complex skill as they won't be able to do it. - Can overload beginners with information. - Needs to be accurate and clear otherwise skill can be learned incorrectly.
44
Examples of visual guidance
- Demonstrations - Video clips - Observation - Images
45
What is verbal guidance?
Terminology and phrases associated to certain skills can be made simple and straight forward in a clear verbal explanation.
46
Advantages of verbal guidance
- Tatics can be explained - Gives technical info/ key points and highlights cues - Feedback can be given and immediately - Easy to give (no mechanical feedback/equipment
47
Disadvantages of verbal guidance
- Players must understand basic terminology used - Overload beginners with information - Learners may lose concentration easily
48
Examples of verbal guidance
- Team talks - Team huddles - Team meeting - 1 on 1 conversations
49
What is manual guidance?
This method is used when the learnt skills are dangerous or are complex. Coaches or teachers will use 'hands on' approach to ensure safety.
50
Advantages of manual guidance
- Builds confidence - Eliminates danger - Gives early feel for the whole skill
51
Disadvantages of manual guidance
- Learner becomes dependant on support and interferes with kinaesthetic awareness - Proximity of coach may be upsetting
52
Examples of manual guidance
- Coach holding gymnast's head when doing a forward roll
53
What is mechanical guidance?
Involves the use of equipment to help support the learner whilst practising the skill.
54
Advantages of mechanical guidance
- Promotes confidence and ensures safety for the learner particularly where there is an element of danger in the skill e.g rock climbing.
55
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- Learner can become dependent on this guidance - The feel of the movement is different to the actual movement - The learner doesn't get the chance to correct mistakes in the technique
56
Examples of mechanical guidance
- Armbands in swimming - Floats in swimming - Harnes in rock climbing
57
What is terminal feedback?
Feedback given after an event.
58
What is concurrent feedback?
Immediate feedback
59
Arousal definition
Arousal is an energised state of readiness when performing a task.
60
Description of invert U graph
As arousal increases so does performance quality up until an optimum point. Beyond the optimal point all increases of arousal is bad for performane.
61
Arousal for fine skills
Performed better when calmer.
62
Arousal for gross skills
Performed better when aroused.
63
Factors that affect arousal
- Skill level (beginners perform better when calm) | - Personality type
64
Methods to control arousal
- Deep breathing - Mental rehearsal - Positive thinking/self-talk
65
What effect does the environment have on aggression?
- What is at stake (local derby, level of competition) - What is happening in the game (is the game close?) - The fans - Opponents (a rival) - Referee
66
Direct aggression
Here the aggression is in the direction of another player and involves physical contact.
67
Examples of direct aggression
Rugby tackling, boxing, wrestling
68
Indirect aggression
Use of an object to hit to beat an opponent.
69
Examples of indirect aggression
Tennis shot, cricket bowl
70
What is an introvert?
A shy, quiet, thoughtful person.
71
What sports do introverts usually prefer?
Individual sport such as swimming, marathon running, golf and tennis. And also fine skills.
72
What is an extrovert?
An interactive, socially outgoing person.
73
What sports do extroverts usually prefer?
Team sport like football and rugby as they are easily bored. Gross, high arousal sports.
74
What is motivation?
A drive or willpower targeted towards success.
75
What is intrinsic motivation?
Someone who finds what they do is fun and enjoyable. They do the event for their own sake and taking part.
76
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivation factors from external sources. Rewards such as winning medals, being in a team, prestige, respect, money and fame.
77
What are Tangible rewards?
Something that can be seen and touched.
78
Examples of tangible rewards?
Trophies, medals
79
What are intangible rewards?
Something that can't be seen or touched.
80
Examples of tangible rewards?
Pride, achievement.
81
What is Kinaesthetic feedback?
It's a type of intrinsic feedback, received via receptors in the muscles. Sensations that are felt by the performer, providing information from movement.

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