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PE > Sports Psychology > Flashcards

Sports Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill?

A

It is a learned behaviour stored in the long-term memory , that can be used in a variety of ways.

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2
Q

What is ability?

A

A stable, inherited trait that determines an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill.

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3
Q

What is a basic skill?

A

A skill that requires few decisions and that can be learned quickly. Aimed at beginners.

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4
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill that requires many decisions. They are based on basic skills and take time to learn.

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5
Q

Examples of basic skills

A

Jumping, running

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6
Q

Examples of complex skills

A

High jump. 100m technique

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7
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill that has an influence from the environment which has to be adapted.

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8
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill in a stable environment which is mostly self paced?

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9
Q

Examples of open skills

A

Goalkeeper save, tennis return, rugby tackle

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10
Q

Example of closed skills

A

Somersault, javelin, long jump

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11
Q

What is an self paced skill?

A

A skill where the rate is controlled by the performer.

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12
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

A skill where the start/rate is controlled by the environment.

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13
Q

Examples of a self paced skill

A

Javelin, shot-put, tennis serve

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14
Q

Examples of an externally paced skill

A

Goalkeeper save, rugby tackle, tennis return

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15
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill which involves small, delicate muscle movements.

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16
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill which involves large muscle group movements.

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17
Q

Examples of fine skills

A

Archery, darts

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18
Q

Examples of gross skills

A

Rugby tackle, running

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19
Q

What is an outcome goal?

A

A goal which is linked to the end result.

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20
Q

What is a performance goal?

A

A goal concerned with personal bests.

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21
Q

Examples of outcome goals?

A

Winning a medal or competition or being selected for a team.

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22
Q

Examples of performance goals?

A

To run 100m under 12 seconds, to run 5k under 20 minutes

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23
Q

Why do beginners prefer performance goals?

A

Because failure can demotivate and winning is often unlikely.

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24
Q

What are SMART targets?

A

Specific- targets must be to the point.
Measurable- can it be measured or compared.
Agreed- by a coach
Realistic- is it achievable
Time bound- set to be completed by a particular time or date.

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25
Q

Values of goal setting?

A
  • Increase motivation
  • Feel good factor/ self- satisfactory
  • Increase in focus and concentration
  • Monitor progress
  • Helps plan training
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26
Q

What is information processing?

A

The process of interpreting information from the environment and producing the most relevant movement (from short and long term memory) in response.

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27
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Information processing model?

A
  • Input
  • Decision making
  • Output
  • Feedback
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28
Q

What is involved in the input stage of the information processing model?

A
  • Environmental cues using our selective attention to identify stimuli- comes from our senses.
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29
Q

What is involved in the decision making stage of the information processing model?

A
  • Selective response from our short and long term memory.
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30
Q

What is involved in the output stage of the information processing model?

A

The movement pattern direct by the muscles.

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31
Q

What is involved in the feedback stage of the information processing model?

A
  • Intrinsic feedback (kinaesthetic)
  • Extrinsic feedback (from coach, teammate concurrent and terminal)
  • Knowledge of results (crowd cheering)
  • Used to repeat the process depending on success rate.
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32
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback internally from the performer. This is through a kinaesthetic awareness/feel for the skill.

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33
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback from an outside source which can be from teammates, coaches.

34
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A

Factual feedback based on the outcome

E.g. What was the outcome? Time, distance, goal scored or not?

35
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Feedback based on quality of technique to allow performers to focus on key performance indicators
E.g. % rates

36
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Feedback on what was correct- aimed at beginners for encouragement and motivation.

37
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Feedback based on information from errors - aimed at elite athletes to detect errors for improvements.

38
Q

Reasons for feedback

A

To detect errors for a basis for improvement.

39
Q

What is guidance?

A

One process that can guide athletes to improvement - technical improvement.

40
Q

4 types of guidance?

A
  • Visual
  • Verbal
  • Mechanical
  • Manual
41
Q

Who is visual guidance aimed at?

A

Beginners so they can have a mental image of the skill with attention drawn to key points. Less info needs to be given.

42
Q

Advantages of Visual Guidance

A
  • Provides learner with a mental image of the skill.
  • Draws attention to key points (gives cues).
  • Better for less complex skills where less information needs to be given.
43
Q

Disadvantages of visual guidance

A
  • Can demotivate learner if it’s a highly complex skill as they won’t be able to do it.
  • Can overload beginners with information.
  • Needs to be accurate and clear otherwise skill can be learned incorrectly.
44
Q

Examples of visual guidance

A
  • Demonstrations
  • Video clips
  • Observation
  • Images
45
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

Terminology and phrases associated to certain skills can be made simple and straight forward in a clear verbal explanation.

46
Q

Advantages of verbal guidance

A
  • Tatics can be explained
  • Gives technical info/ key points and highlights cues
  • Feedback can be given and immediately
  • Easy to give (no mechanical feedback/equipment
47
Q

Disadvantages of verbal guidance

A
  • Players must understand basic terminology used
  • Overload beginners with information
  • Learners may lose concentration easily
48
Q

Examples of verbal guidance

A
  • Team talks
  • Team huddles
  • Team meeting
  • 1 on 1 conversations
49
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

This method is used when the learnt skills are dangerous or are complex. Coaches or teachers will use ‘hands on’ approach to ensure safety.

50
Q

Advantages of manual guidance

A
  • Builds confidence
  • Eliminates danger
  • Gives early feel for the whole skill
51
Q

Disadvantages of manual guidance

A
  • Learner becomes dependant on support and interferes with kinaesthetic awareness
  • Proximity of coach may be upsetting
52
Q

Examples of manual guidance

A
  • Coach holding gymnast’s head when doing a forward roll
53
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

Involves the use of equipment to help support the learner whilst practising the skill.

54
Q

Advantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • Promotes confidence and ensures safety for the learner particularly where there is an element of danger in the skill e.g rock climbing.
55
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • Learner can become dependent on this guidance
  • The feel of the movement is different to the actual movement
  • The learner doesn’t get the chance to correct mistakes in the technique
56
Q

Examples of mechanical guidance

A
  • Armbands in swimming
  • Floats in swimming
  • Harnes in rock climbing
57
Q

What is terminal feedback?

A

Feedback given after an event.

58
Q

What is concurrent feedback?

A

Immediate feedback

59
Q

Arousal definition

A

Arousal is an energised state of readiness when performing a task.

60
Q

Description of invert U graph

A

As arousal increases so does performance quality up until an optimum point. Beyond the optimal point all increases of arousal is bad for performane.

61
Q

Arousal for fine skills

A

Performed better when calmer.

62
Q

Arousal for gross skills

A

Performed better when aroused.

63
Q

Factors that affect arousal

A
  • Skill level (beginners perform better when calm)

- Personality type

64
Q

Methods to control arousal

A
  • Deep breathing
  • Mental rehearsal
  • Positive thinking/self-talk
65
Q

What effect does the environment have on aggression?

A
  • What is at stake (local derby, level of competition)
  • What is happening in the game (is the game close?)
  • The fans
  • Opponents (a rival)
  • Referee
66
Q

Direct aggression

A

Here the aggression is in the direction of another player and involves physical contact.

67
Q

Examples of direct aggression

A

Rugby tackling, boxing, wrestling

68
Q

Indirect aggression

A

Use of an object to hit to beat an opponent.

69
Q

Examples of indirect aggression

A

Tennis shot, cricket bowl

70
Q

What is an introvert?

A

A shy, quiet, thoughtful person.

71
Q

What sports do introverts usually prefer?

A

Individual sport such as swimming, marathon running, golf and tennis. And also fine skills.

72
Q

What is an extrovert?

A

An interactive, socially outgoing person.

73
Q

What sports do extroverts usually prefer?

A

Team sport like football and rugby as they are easily bored. Gross, high arousal sports.

74
Q

What is motivation?

A

A drive or willpower targeted towards success.

75
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Someone who finds what they do is fun and enjoyable. They do the event for their own sake and taking part.

76
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation factors from external sources. Rewards such as winning medals, being in a team, prestige, respect, money and fame.

77
Q

What are Tangible rewards?

A

Something that can be seen and touched.

78
Q

Examples of tangible rewards?

A

Trophies, medals

79
Q

What are intangible rewards?

A

Something that can’t be seen or touched.

80
Q

Examples of tangible rewards?

A

Pride, achievement.

81
Q

What is Kinaesthetic feedback?

A

It’s a type of intrinsic feedback, received via receptors in the muscles. Sensations that are felt by the performer, providing information from movement.

PE (9 decks)

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