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PE > Cardio-Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardio-Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of air

A

1) Nasal cavity/mouth
2) Trachea
3) Bronchi
4) Bronchioles
5) Lungs
6) Alveoli

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2
Q

Features that assist the process of gaseous exchange

A

1) The alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries (blood vessels). Gases can pass through the thin walls and travel into the blood stream.
2) A large blood supply. An increased red blood cell content increases the amount of oxygen supplied to muscles and other body tissues.
3) Capillaries very near to alveoli, so diffusion distance is very short.
4) Large surface area of alveoli allows diffusion to take place.
5) Moist thin walls (one cell thick) of the cells promotes quick diffusion.
6) Gases will always move from areas of high concentration to areas of a low concentration.

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3
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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4
Q

Role of valves in veins

A

Like the valves in the heart, they are there to prevent a backflow of blood. The blood must flow in one direction only, against gravity in most cases, back to the heart.

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5
Q

Features of arteries

A
  • Take blood away from the heart
  • Walls are thick and elastic
  • Transports oxygenated blood
  • Has small lumen
  • Has a pulse and blood travels in spurts
  • Has no valves
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6
Q

Features of veins

A
  • Take blood to the heart
  • Walls are thin
  • Transports de-oxygenated blood
  • Has large lumen
  • Has no pulse and blood travels smoothly
  • Has valves
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7
Q

What is vascular shunt?

A

This redirection of blood flow to the areas especially during exercise.

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8
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

It’s a way of redistributing blood where blood vessels expand/widen.

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9
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

It’s a way of redistributing blood where blood vessels narrow/constrict.

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10
Q

Vasodilation during exercise

A

Vasodilation is the enlargement of blood vessels and is part of vascular shunt which allows more blood through.
Exercise requires more blood to working muscles and vasodilation allows more blood to travel through arteries to muscles which require a greater supply of oxygen during exercise.
Vasodilation works with vasoconstriction as it limits blood to areas that don’t need much blood.
To sustain performance its key and reduces waste products.
Higher intensity = higher oxygen

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11
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are tiny hairs that protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract and filter out dust particles that enter the nose through breathed air.

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12
Q

4 Heart Chambers

A
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
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13
Q

Atria

A
  • Upper heart chambers
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • They have very thin muscular wall
  • Atria returns blood to the heart and the blood filters through the atria.
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14
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Lower chambers in heart
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
  • Thick muscular wall
  • Ventricles eject blood from heart
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15
Q

Route of blood through the body

A

1) Right atrium
2) Left ventricle
3) Tricuspid valve
4) Pulmonary artery
5) Lungs
6) Pulmonary vein
7) Left atrium
8) Left ventricle
9) Bicuspid valve
10) Aorta
11) Rest of Body
12) Vena cava

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16
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

They separate the ventricles and atria by stopping backflow.

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve that separates the right atrium and ventricle.

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18
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Valve that separates left atrium and left ventricle

19
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Return blood to the right atrium back through the coronary arteries.

20
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Provide the heart with oxygenated blood as the heart is an organ.

21
Q

Septum

A

Separates the left and right of the heart.

22
Q

Diastole

A
  • The heart fills with blood.

- The heart is relaxing.

23
Q

Systole

A
  • The heart is emptying

- The heart contracts

24
Q

How to calculate max heart rate?

A

220-age

25
Q

Heart rate

A

Beats per minute

26
Q

Cardiac Output Equation

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

27
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute.

28
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

29
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when inhaling?

A

The diaphragm flattens- creating a large surface area.

30
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A
  • The diaphragm contracts and flattens, creating a large surface area.
  • The pressure in the lungs go down, opening up the chest cavity.
  • Intercostal muscles and pectorals contract and lift the ribs.
  • The sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle, which is attached to the sternum) contracts causing the ribs and go out.
31
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A
  • The intercostal muscles relax and the ribs lower.
  • The diaphragm relax squeezing up in the chest cavity, to push the lungs into a smaller space.
  • The chest cavity decreases in size causing a change in air pressure.
  • The abdominals muscles pull downwards causing the ribs and chest cavity to follow.
32
Q

Average cardiac output equation

A

70bpm x 70ml = 4900

33
Q

Tachycardia

A

When your heart rate is too quick (irregularly) about over 100bpm at rest.

34
Q

Bradycardia

A

When your heart rate is too slow (irregularly) below 60bpm at rest.

35
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air breathed in and out of breath. This increases during exercise.
The average is 0.5l

36
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume able to be forcibly inspired during breathing. This decreases during exercise.

37
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume able to forcibly expired, after a normal breath. This decreases slightly during exercise.

38
Q

Residual Volume

A

The air left in the lungs after forced maximum expiration. No change in the volume during exercise.

39
Q

Short term effects of exercise on Cardiovascular system

A
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Increase in stroke volume
  • Increase in cardiac output
40
Q

Hypertension definition

A

High blood pressure in the arteries.

41
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

The substance in the red blood cells which transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide.

42
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up.

43
Q

Embolism definiton

A

Blockage of a blood vessel.

PE (9 decks)

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