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PE > Socio-Cultural Issues In Sport > Flashcards

Socio-Cultural Issues In Sport Flashcards

1
Q

5 social groups

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Race/religion/culture
  • Family/friends/peers
  • Disability
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2
Q

Barriers for woman participating in sport

A
  • Lack of time and childcare
  • Lack of self confidence
  • Personal Safety
  • Parental and adult influence
  • Male dominated culture of sport
  • Funding
  • Lack of role models in woman’s sport
  • Body image
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3
Q

How does age affect participation in Sport?

A
  • Depends on teams available (under 8s, 10s, etc)
  • Children have more opportunities as PE is encouraged at schools
  • Have to be over 18 to run the marathon
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4
Q

How does race/religion/culture affect participation in sport?

A
  • Particular backgrounds are dominated with particular sports like cricket in Asia and rugby in New Zealand
  • Some woman can’t swim because of head scarves
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5
Q

How does family/friends/peers affect participation in sport?

A
  • Peer pressure
  • Financial support from family
  • Parent may have played sport
  • Kit, equipment
  • Living through their children
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6
Q

How is disability a barrier in sport?

A
  • Not all clubs have correct facilities such as ramps

- Not many disabled teams

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7
Q

Factors that influence social grouping

A
  • Attitudes
  • Role models
  • Accessibility (to clubs/facilities)
  • Available leisure time
  • Stereotypes
  • Media coverage
  • Socio-economic status/disposable income
  • Family commitments
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8
Q

Golden triangle

A

Consists of :

  • Commercialisation
  • Elite sport
  • Media

Each side of the triangle benefits from each other and they are dependent on each other.

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9
Q

Types of sponsorship

A
  • Facilities: (stadiums and grounds)- New stands or grounds will often be named after the sponsor who has put money towards development.
  • Clothing and equipment: Teams usually get a shirt sponsor and often individual players will get deals for footwear. Companies will often sponsor a player’s equipment.
  • Financial: Money may be invested into teams or sports by external sources or wealthy individuals.
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10
Q

Types of media

A
  • TV and Radio: live matches and commentary can be found through TV and radio services. There are also highlight shows and sport documentaries.
  • Social media: nowadays social media is a popular outlet for news stories and individual’s account of events.
  • Internet- all teams and major athletes have websites where you can find out all kinds of information.
  • Newspaper/press- print predictions and results as well as articles about clubs.
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11
Q

Commercialisation definition

A

Sport and physical activity becomes a commodity for individuals to profit from.

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12
Q

Advantages of sponsors

A
  • Full time
  • Promoting sport
  • Competitions are better
  • Increase in profits
  • Increase in profile
  • Sponsors make money
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13
Q

Disadvantages of sponsors

A
  • Sponsors can take over
  • Sponsors can withdraw
  • Minority sports get little sponsorship
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14
Q

Media definition

A

Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication.

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15
Q

Sponsors definition

A

An individual or group that provides financial support to an event, activity, person, or organisation.

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16
Q

Commercialisation definition

A

To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc) in a way designed to make a profit.
The specification refers to commercialised activity as being sponsorship and the media only.

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17
Q

Advantages of Commercialisation on the performer

A
  • Allows athletes to earn an income as a full time job
  • Performers gain maximum exposure to promote their personal brand
  • Can lead to additional roles post playing career within the sport
  • Relieves financial worries
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18
Q

Disadvantages of Commercialisation on the performer

A
  • Encourages deviant behavior due to pressure of success
  • Generally favors male over female and able bodied over disabled
  • Sponsorship may be short term
  • Performers may have to advertise a product they do not like
  • Performers might be contracted to put in appearances and attend public speaking
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19
Q

Advantages of Commercialisation on the sport

A
  • Raises the profile of the sport due to increased exposure
  • Provides an increased level of funding to improve facilities, resources or coaching
  • Gives sport financial security for a period of time
  • Attracts the best athletes in the world to that sport
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20
Q

Disadvantages of Commercialisation on the sport

A
  • Commercialisation tends to support the popular sport, leaving the ‘lesser’ sports to lose out
  • Changes to the sport formats and rules having being introduced to make the sport audience friendly
  • The influence of TV has caused an increase adverts and TV timings and lost some of the sport’s traditions
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21
Q

Advantages of Commercialisation on the official

A
  • Offers a professional career and an earned income from officiating
  • Media coverage leads to officials gaining a high profile
  • Advancement in technology- better equipment/facilities which assists with decisions
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22
Q

Disadvantages of Commercialisation on the official

A
  • Bad decisions highlighted and analysed by the media
  • Personal and sporting behavior has to be controlled as the image of the sport, coaches and players are on view to the world
  • Some sports get more funding and therefore some officials are paid better
  • Grass roots sports has more volunteer officials than elite sport
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23
Q

Advantages of Commercialisation on the audience/spectator

A
  • Offers a wider range of sport available to watch

- Viewing experience has been enhanced due to investment in technology and audience participation

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24
Q

Disadvantages of Commercialisation on the audience/spectator

A
  • Encourages spectators not participating
  • Can become very expensive for fans/spectator
  • Can affect view experience due to increased TV breaks and time outs
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25
Q

Advantages of Commercialisation on the sponsor/company

A
  • Sport can offer an excellent opportunity for the sponsor to promote a product/service to a widespread audience
  • Advertising brand name
  • Promoting a caring attitude and increasing goodwill
  • Tax relief
26
Q

Disadvantages of Commercialisation on the sponsor/company

A
  • Poor behavior by athletes/clubs can cause negative press
  • Smaller sponsors may struggle to compete with larger more global brands
  • Some sponsors aren’t suitable
27
Q

How has technology enhanced the performer?

A
  • Sports technology has helped the development of sports clothing and footwear for example footballs.
  • Footwear is made of a lighter material meaning you can get faster movement and create more power.
  • Next generation sports clothing has been created to help optimise conditions for performers for example regulating temperature and oxygen delivery.
  • New materials and design using tennis rackets skis footballs javelins bicycles improve control speed and distance as well as light materials allowing more powerful shots and higher level of performance.
28
Q

Advantages of technology on the performer

A
  • Performers can use technology to produce outstanding performances for us to watch and admire. World records and fears can be seen regularly
29
Q

Disadvantages of technology on the performer

A
  • These development should be able for all to ensure fairness. Too much technology can take away from performers ability and some advancements may be classed as cheating
30
Q

How has technology enhanced the audience/spectator?

A
  • Sports Technology has provided spectators with better view experience and enhanced viewers knowledge and understanding.
  • 3D and high definition TV has enhanced our viewing experience
  • Hawkeye technology and new camera angles for example cricket stumps.
31
Q

Advantages of technology on audience/spectator?

A

Spectators viewing experience is enhanced with the use of special replays. Close-up cameras make the audience feel a real part of the action.

32
Q

Disadvantages of technology on the audience/spectator?

A
  • Replays that show controversial moments in the games can cause anger and frustration among the audience.
  • Technology can also promote watching and not playing the sport as well as encouraging watching at home rather than going to watch a live game.
33
Q

How has technology enhanced the official?

A
  • The use of technology allows the correct decisions to be made by referees and officials.
  • With The use of the likes of Hawkeye, goalline technology and VAR
34
Q

Advantages of technology for the official

A
  • Help make the correct decisions and ensure fairness.

- Take the pressure having to make a decision and can ease tension of players and spectators.

35
Q

Disadvantages of technology on the official

A
  • Take away part of the referees job and can undermine decisions made.
36
Q

How does technology enhance the sport?

A

Introduction of technology into the sport itself can make it more interesting and attract a larger audience and intern larger sponsorship deals.

37
Q

How does technology enhance companies/sponsors?

A
  • Research and technology development for the company manufacturers can be lucrative in terms of the product sales and the consumer usage.
  • For example Lucozade sport drinks
38
Q

Sportsmanship definition

A

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette the sport.

39
Q

Examples of sportsmanship in sport

A
  • Kicking the ball out for an injured player in football.
  • Shaking hands after and before a match
  • Tunnels in rugby
  • Clapping a batsman off in cricket
40
Q

Reasons for decline in sportsmanship

A
  • A large emphasis on winning
  • Monetary rewards (increased wages and potential sponsorship deals)
  • Media hype up events and rivalries.
41
Q

How can sportsmanship be promoted and increased?

A
  • Introducing fair play schemes and campaigns.
  • Highlighting positive role models
  • Better quality officials and use of technology
  • Development of positive values early on in childhood
  • Punishments for negative behaviour
  • Stricter code of conduct, spectators and clubs
42
Q

Gamesmanship definition

A

Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to the limits, e.g. time wasting.

43
Q

Acts of gamesmanship in physical activity and sport

A
  • Taking injury times put in tennis
  • Time wasting
  • Over appealing in cricket
  • Standing in front of a snooker players shot line
44
Q

Etiquette definition

A

A convention or on written rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but is usually observed.

45
Q

Examples of etiquette in sport

A
  • Thanking the officials and respecting their decisions
  • Helping an opponents
  • Walking off in cricket when you are out
46
Q

What is the contract to compete?

A

This refers to an unwritten mutual agreement to abide by all the rules and always give 100%.

47
Q

What does a stimulant do?

A

This category of drug stimulates the body physically and mentally.

48
Q

Examples of stimulants?

A

Tea, coffee and cocaine

49
Q

Effect of stimulants?

A
  • Reduces tiredness

- Increased alertness and endurance

50
Q

Side effects of stimulants?

A
  • Raises blood pressure
  • Hide symptoms of fatigue
  • Addictive
51
Q

Athletes that might use stimulants?

A
  • Any event with a sprint start

- Boxers

52
Q

What do narcotic analgesics do?

A

This category of drugs masks pain.

53
Q

Examples of narcotic analgesics?

A
  • Paracetamol
  • Methadone
  • Morphine
  • Heroin
54
Q

Effects of narcotic analgesics?

A

Reduces pain or injury

55
Q

Side effects of narcotic analgesics?

A
  • Nausea
  • Highly addictive
  • Serious injury
56
Q

Athletes that might use narcotic analgesics?

A

Any events that require pain to be masked.

57
Q

What are anabolic agents?

A

This category of drugs is artificially produced testosterone (male hormone)

58
Q

Effect of anabolic agents?

A
  • Repair body tissues after stress
  • Promote muscle growth
  • Ability to train harder with less fatigue
59
Q

Side effects of anabolic agents?

A
  • Females develop male features

- Liver and heart damage

60
Q

Athletes that might use anabolic agents?

A

Athletics power events such as the 100m sprint and shotput.

PE (9 decks)

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