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PE > Sports Psychology > Flashcards

Sports Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a skill

A

a learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy

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2
Q

Definition of ability

A

inherited from your parents, abilities are stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire skills

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3
Q

Example of a skill?

A

rugby player passing ball
free throw in basketball

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4
Q

Example of ability?

A

gymnast on beam showing balance

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5
Q

What is a basic skill?

A

requires few decisions when being performed
little information to process
used in many sports

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6
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

requires decision making using lots of information
generally sport specific

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7
Q

What is an open skill?

A

occur in variable and unpredictable environments. Affected by the environment
externally paced
decision making

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8
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

occur in fixed and predictable situations. Not affected by the environment
self-paced

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9
Q

What is a self-paced skill?

A

performer controls the start and speed of a skill
no external factors
usually closed skills

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10
Q

What is an externally-paced skill?

A

performer has no control over the start or speed of the skill
reacting to external factors
usually open skills

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11
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

uses large muscle groups
not very precise

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12
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

uses smaller muscle groups
high levels of hand eye coordination
small, precise movements

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13
Q

Example of a self-paced skill

A

long jump, choose when to start jump

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14
Q

Example of externally-paced skill

A

receiving badminton serve, only start returning shot after opponent has performed serve

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15
Q

Example of a gross skill

A

sprinting

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16
Q

Example of a fine skill

A

archery

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17
Q

What is an outcome goal?

A

A target that is focussed on winning or social comparison against others

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18
Q

What is a performance goal?

A

A target that is focussed on improving individual performance or technique

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19
Q

Example of a performance goal?

A

long distance runner: improve pb by 5 seconds at next event

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20
Q

Example of an outcome goal?

A

Football player: finish season as league champions

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21
Q

What does SMART stand for?

A

Specific - to activity and relevant
Measurable - to track progress
Accepted - decided on by all participants
Realistic - work and hobbies affect ability to meet targets
Time-bound - end point as deadline, time scale to stay focused

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22
Q

Define arousal

A

A physical or mental state of alertness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement

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23
Q

What does it mean if arousal is too low?

A

not likely to be driven or motivated enough to perform at optimum level

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24
Q

What does it mean if arousal is too high?

A

likely to get nervous, anxious or over aggressive
performance quality decreases

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25
Q

How does a higher arousal affect a performer physically?

A

increase heart rate
increase sweat

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26
Q

What factors increase arousal?

A

atmosphere
pressure to score
number of supporters
mistakes

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27
Q

How do gross and fine skills affect arousal?

A

gross skills: optimum arousal would be higher
fine skills: optimum arousal would be lower

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28
Q

Explain the inverted U theory

A

As arousal increases, so does performance
Up to optimal arousal
If arousal increases further, performance will decrease

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29
Q

What are the stress management techniques?

A

Positive self talk
Mental rehearsal
Deep breathing

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30
Q

What is positive self talk?

A

Cognitive method: Giving yourself positive instructions in order to remain focussed on the task

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31
Q

What is mental rehearsal?

A

Cognitive method: visualise performing the activity or skill successfully to boost confidence

32
Q

What is deep breathing?

A

Physical method: Taking slow, deep breaths in order to slow down heart rate and reduce anxiety.

33
Q

What is aggession?

A

deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental and is used to intimidate opponents

34
Q

What is direct aggression?

A

involves physical contact with others
e.g. a punch

35
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A

Does not involve physical contact. Aggression taken out on object
e.g. bowling bouncer in cricket to intimidate batsman

36
Q

Definition of an introvert

A

A quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual sports performance

37
Q

Definition of an extrovert

A

Sociable. active, talkative, outgoing personality type usually associated with team sports players

38
Q

Introverts prefer sports which involve:

A

Concentration and precision
self-motivation
intricate skills/ closed skills
perform better with low arousal levels
e.g. archery, golf and snooker

39
Q

Extroverts prefer sports which are:

A

Exciting and fast paced
Team sports
Perform better with high arousal levels
large, simple motor skills/ open skills
low concentration
e.g. rugby and boxing

40
Q

Define motivation

A

gives reasons for people’s actions, desires and needs. Greatly affects performance

41
Q

Define intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that comes from within, resulting in pride, self satisfaction
Can lead to continued effort and participation
Generally considered more effective than extrinsic motivation

42
Q

Define extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that comes from an outside source such as a coach
Extrinsic rewards result in feelings of pride
Performers may become reliant on extrinsic motivation if overused

43
Q

Define tangible

A

something that can be touched

44
Q

Define intangible

A

not having physical presence/ can’t be touched

45
Q

Intrinsic motivation:
a performer is driven to achieve something for…

A

the feeling it brings them

46
Q

Extrinsic motivation:
Performer is driven to achieve…

A

an award
tangible - certificates, trophies, medals
intangible - praise or feedback from others, applause from crowd

47
Q

Define SUPER

A

Stronger - intrinsic motivation
Undermine - overuse of extrinsic can undermine intrinsic values
Persist - more likely to persist if intrinsically motivated
Effort - more likely to be sustained if intrinsic
Reliance - Performers become too reliant on extrinsic motivation

48
Q

How can intrinsic and extrinsic motivation be used together?

A

Trophy (extrinsic)
pride and self satisfaction from winning (intrinsic)

49
Q

What is information processing?

A

using available information in order to make a decision

50
Q

Define input

A

information from display

51
Q

Define selective attention

A

filtering out irrelevant information from the display

52
Q

Define decision making

A

using short and long term memory to make a decision

53
Q

Define output

A

information sent to muscles to carry out response

54
Q

Define feedback

A

understanding what went right/ wrong during output stage

55
Q

Define short term memory

A

lasts for about 18 seconds. A performer can use this to help with decision making
e.g. remembering position of teammate

56
Q

Define long term memory

A

Can be used to recall a similar situation in past to come up with correct response in order to perform a skill
e.g. cricket batsman see ball bouncing in certain position and pick out relevant shot to play from long term memory

57
Q

Define intrinsic feedback

A

comes from within a performer

58
Q

Define extrinsic feedback

A

comes from external source such as coach or teacher

59
Q

Define positive feedback

A

encouragement and praise

60
Q

Define negative feedback

A

error correction and highlighting what went wrong

61
Q

Define knowledge of results

A

feedback received by looking at outcome of skill

62
Q

Define knowledge of performance

A

feedback received by looking at technique/performance irrespective of result

63
Q

What types of feedback are useful to a beginner

A

extrinsic, positive, knowledge of results

64
Q

Define visual guidance

A

guidance through visual demonstration or video
(beginners)

65
Q

Define verbal guidance

A

guidance through a verbal explanation
(elite performers)

66
Q

Define manual guidance

A

Guidance through actual contact with performer

67
Q

Define mechanical guidnace

A

Guidance through the use of a device e.g. harness
(beginners)

68
Q

Pros of verbal guidance

A

effective when used in conjunction with other forms
Good for advanced performer
Can be provided during performance and ideal for open skills

69
Q

Cons of verbal guidance

A

Explanations must be clear and concise not to confuse learner
must limit amount of information
complex skills difficult to explain

70
Q

Pros of visual guidance

A

helps learner visualise skill
can be used in all stage of learning
skills can be broken down into parts

71
Q

Cons of visual guidance

A

must be accurate/ technically correct
complex skills can be hard for leaner to comprehend
static visual aids may not provide enough guidance/ information

72
Q

Pros of manual guidance

A

used with leaners of all abilities
helps leaner gain kinaesthetic sense of movement
helps build confidence

73
Q

Cons of manual guidance

A

learner can become too dependant on it
difficult when working with large groups

74
Q

Pros of mechanical guidance

A

effective in early stages
helps leaner gain kinaesthetic sense of movement
helps build confidence

75
Q

Cons of mechanical guidance

A

Can become dependant on it
movement experienced with guidance may be different from actual movement

PE (6 decks)

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